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Digestive System > Salivary glands, oesophagus, and Stomach micro anatomy > Flashcards

Salivary glands, oesophagus, and Stomach micro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic and Gut activity?

A

Activates and enhances gut activity

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2
Q

Sympathetic and Gut activity?

A

inhibits gut activity

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3
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

1) Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis Externa
4) adventitia/Serosa

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4
Q

Purpose of epithelium?

A

Protection (multiple layers)
Secretion
Absorbtion

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5
Q

Purpose of lamina propria

A

Support

1) Mechanical Support - collagen
2) functional support - BV, nerves, lymphatics

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6
Q

Purpose of Muscularis Mucosae

A

Movement independent of peristalsis

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7
Q

Purpose of Submucosa?

A

Same as lamina propria

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8
Q

Why is the lamina Propria loosely arranged?

A

to allow for the expansion of a bolus

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9
Q

How is the muscularis externa arranged? What is the exception of this?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

exception stomach

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10
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis externa? What is the exception of this?

A 
Smooth muscle (involuntary). 
Exception: Upper 1/3 oesophagus
                  internal anal sphincter
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11
Q

Whats the difference between adventitia and serosa?

A

Adventitia: outermost CT covering any organ, vessel or other structure.

Serosa (visceral peritoneum) slippery outer covering for the gut tube; two layered, with the outer mesothelium sitting on a bed of CT

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12
Q

Intra peritoneal

A

Organs totally suspended. These are covered in serosa (simple squamous mesothelium)

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

lined with serosa on anterior surface only (‘outside peritoneal cavity’)
Posterior surface is adventitia

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14
Q

how much Serous Fluid do we produce daily?

A

7L

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15
Q

Submucosal plexus is also called?

A

Meissner’s plexus

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16
Q

Sphincters. What layer are they formed by

A

gate keepers that control the volume/timing/flow if substances from one region to another.
Thickening of the IC

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17
Q

Ascites

A

Caused by cirrhosis/liver damage, heart failure

  • accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum, abdominal swelling, distortion of visceral organs
  • can be drained
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18
Q

Peritonitis

A

-inflammation of the peritoneum > impaired function

19
Q

What determines the composition of the secretions

A

The proportion of Serous acinar (dark) and mucus acinar (light) whether it is serous/watery or mucous/sticky

20
Q

% of contribution and types of acini in the salivary glands

A

Parotid (~25%) - serous acini (dark cells) > watery

Submandibular (~70%) - mixed (dark and light) > serous + mucus

Sublingual (~5%) - mixed (dark and light) > serous + mucus

21
Q

Draw and describe a serous acinus

A
  • central, darkly staining nuclei
  • Mitochondria perpindicular to the basal surface
  • Zymogen granules in the apical cytoplasm (predominate AMYLASE)
  • myoepithelial cells surround the base of acini
22
Q

Myoepithelial cell

A

modified contractile epithelia. Squeeze acital secretion into lumen.
-in BOTH serous and mucus acinus

23
Q

Draw and describe a mucus acinus

A
  • flattened, peripheral nucleus
  • mucus granules in the apical cytoplasm (flatten nuclei)
  • myoepithelial cells around base of acinus
24
Q

Striated ducts are… How are they striated and whats this for?

A

Intralobular ducts.

  • aligned mitochondria in the basal infoldings of the cell give striated appearance
  • this is because they have increased METABOLIC ACTIVITY and ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Function is to exchange Na+ and Cl- for K+ and HCO3-

25
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99% water

1% ions, buffers, enzymes etc

26
Q

Lubrication function of saliva

A

Carb-rich glycoproteins (mucins): slippery molecules of mucus
also has a protective function as they prevent bacterial adhesions (hard to attach)

27
Q

Protection Function of the saliva

A

PREVENT:

  • Bacterial adhesions & secretions (usually acidic)
  • vomit (acidic)

-Bicarbonate ions (counteract acid (gastric to an extent))

  • Lysozyme (breakdown bacteria cell walls)
  • Lactoferrin (fight iron dependent bacteria)
  • Immunoglobulin A (fight genetic infection/virus)
28
Q

Why do we get a huge saliva influx before vomiting?

A

Protective reflux reaction to ensure the alkaline saliva buffers the acidic vomit

29
Q

Digestion Function of Saliva

A

AMYLASE: (pH 4-11), starts sugar/carb BD into monomers. (as sugars are good site of bacterial growth this decreases potential growing sites!)

LIPASE (pH 4): breakdown fats, more active in stomach as pH lower

Kallikrein: protease, cleaves another proenzyme > increased blood flow and bloody supply to sustain demand for metabolism whilst eating

30
Q

PSNS

A

accelerates secretion > lots of watery saliva
myoepithelial cells contract
-increased blood flow

31
Q

SNS

A

small amount of viscous saliva containing high enzyme concs
-less volume = dry mouth feeling
BVs constricted

32
Q

Why do meth users have such bad teeth

A

destroy salivary gland > destroy protective function!

33
Q

Function of Oesophagus

A

rapid transport (PS) of the food bolus. straight ~25cm tube, thick muscular wall, protective lining. Collapsed outline with folds of submucosa when empty (loosely packed)

34
Q

Epithelium of oesophagus

A

thick sacrificial stratified squamous epithelium (6-8 layers). non-keritinised
as it approaches stomach&raquo_space; cuboidal/columnar

35
Q

Muscularis mucosae of oesophagus

A

absent/rare upper but developed near stomach, not defined, discontinuous in places.
Allows for mucosa movement independent of peristalsis

36
Q

Are glands present in the oesophagus

A

yes

37
Q

Muscularis externa

A

2 coats, not always circular and longitudinal, irregular areas.
upper 1/3: skeletal (striated)
middle 1/3: skeletal & smooth
lower 1/3: smooth (poorly preserved)

38
Q

Covering of oesophagus

A

adventitia (except 1-2cm)

39
Q

Chronic Oesophagitis

A

Often caused by GORD > inflammation

  • stratified squamous only protective of mechanical abrasion
  • chronic exposure can cause Barretts syndrome (precursor to oesophageal cancer)
40
Q

In the body/Fundus

A

Parietal Glands

  • HCl
  • Intrinsic factor
  • pepsinogen
  • somatostatin
41
Q

Rugae are

A

transient folds that come and go (less when full)

42
Q

Four anatomical regions

A

cardia: mucus (bufferzone)
fundus
body: parietal glands
pylorus: mucus (bufferzone

43
Q

Pyloric Glands

A
  • Mucus**
  • pepsinogen
  • gastrin
  • somatostatin
44
Q

Muscularis externa layers of the stomach

A

Inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

Digestive System (27 decks)

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