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medical science xy1110 > vitamins 4 > Flashcards

vitamins 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the calcium level that needs to be maintained in the blood

A

9-11mg/dl

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2
Q

what is the importance of calcium

A
  • extracellular fluid - CA2+ essential
  • nerve cells
  • muscle cells - too high cardiac arrest, too low respiratory arrest
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3
Q

where is the major store of calcium

A

99% bones

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4
Q

what happens to osteoblast and osteoclast activity at different calcium levels

A

too low - osteoclast activity releases calcium
too high - osteoblast activity stores calcium

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5
Q

what is the uncalcified bone matrix called

A

osteoid

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6
Q

what is the characteristics of a osteoclast cell

A
  • release calcium
  • multinucleate cell
  • secretes acid - dissolves bone marrow
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7
Q

what is the characteristics of a osteoblast cell

A
  • store calcium
  • line bone surface
  • secrete bone matrix - osteoid
  • embedded as osteocytes
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8
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do - PTH

A
  • 84 aa peptide hormone
  • low calcium - parathyroid hormone secreted, acts on calcium sensing receptor and cAMP
    promotes:
  • osteoclast activity - release calcium
  • kidneys - decrease calcium loss and calcitriol formation
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9
Q

what is the function of calcitriol

A
  • made in kidney by vitamin D
    promotes:
  • uptake of calcium from gut
  • decreases calcium loss by kidneys
  • osteoclast activity to release calcium
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10
Q

what does calcitonin do

A
  • secreated from thyroid gland at high calcium levels
  • inhibits osteoclasts
  • inhibits kidney calcium reabsorption
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11
Q

what are the % of calcium absorbed in the kidney

A

proximal tubule - 70%
distil tubule - - 9%
thick ascending limb - 20%
collecting duct - 1%

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12
Q

what is the bmi formula

A

BMI = weight (kg) / hight (m2)

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13
Q

what is the increased risks associated with obesity

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • coronary heart disease
  • some cancers - breast and bowel
  • strokes
  • reduced quality of life - psychological problems
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14
Q

what are the causes of obesity

A
  • consuming calories - increases the well fed state, fatty and sugary foods, cheap and high calorie food
  • lack of exercise
  • hormonal/ genetic
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15
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase secretion do

A
  • lipolysis of chylomicron —> free fatty acids and chylomicron remnant
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16
Q

what does triglycerides contain in the digestive pathway

A

perilipins

17
Q

what does excess fat lead to

A
  • enlarged adipose
  • cell proliferation - de novo adipogenesis
18
Q

what is the evolution of adipose tissue

A
  • store for times of need
  • reduce heat loss
  • immune response
  • buoyancy
19
Q

what is the characteristics of healthy adipose tissue

A
  • insulin sensitive
  • functional mitochondria
  • beige fat biogenesis - cold exposure
  • angiogenesis
  • anti-inflammatory
20
Q

what happens to malfunctioning adipose tissue

A
  • decreased insulin sensitivity
  • decreased mitochondrial function
  • decreased fat biogenesis
  • decreased angiogenesis
  • increased inflammation
  • increased fibrosis
  • altered lipid profile - increase
21
Q

what happens in the under fed state

A
  • metabolism decreases and huger increases
  • eat and reach homeostasis
  • if you over eat you may reach nutrient overload state - well fed state
22
Q

what happens in the well fed state

A
  • metabolism increases and hunger decreases
  • body then reaches homeostasis
  • body then begins to reach a nutrient deprived state - under fed state
23
Q

what is the afferent system

A

carries signals towards the central nervous system

24
Q

what is the efferent system

A

carries signals from the central nervous system

25
Q

what are the anabolic circuits

A
  • promotes foot intake and rest
  • synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
26
Q

what are the catabolic circuits

A
  • reduce eating and increase energy expenditure
  • promotes breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
27
Q

what is leptin

A
  • protein hormone
  • produced in adipose and small intestine enterocytes
  • too little leads to obesity
28
Q

what does leptin repress

A
  • neuropeptide Y
  • agouti-related proteins - AGRP
  • leads to decreased food intake and increases energy expenditure
29
Q

what does leptin stimulate

A
  • pro-opinomelanocortin (POMC) —> α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
    • Cocaine-amphetamine–regulated transcript (CART) —> decreased food intake
30
Q

what does oestrogen stimulate and where is it produced

A
  • beige fat biogenesis
  • adrenal gland
31
Q

what does androgens stimulate and where is it made

A
  • angiogenesis
  • lipolysis
  • intermost adrenal cortex
32
Q

what does growth hormone do and where is it made

A
  • reduce insulin signalling increasing lipolysis
  • made in the pituitary gland
33
Q

what does ghrelin do and where is it found

A
  • increased appetite
  • fat storage and stimulates growth hormone
  • found in stomach cells
34
Q

what happens if you were previously overweight

A
  • low resting metabolic rate
  • need fewer calories to maintain weight —> difficulty keeping weight off
35
Q

what is the treatments for obesity

A
  • diet - loose 0.5-1kg per week, fruit and veg
  • exercise - minimum 150 minutes of moderate
  • medication - orlistant - inhibits lipases and alli, BMI over 28
    surgery - severely obese, BMI over 50

medical science xy1110 (40 decks)

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