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medical science xy1110 > haematology 1 > Flashcards

haematology 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the functions of the blood

A
  • deliver nutrients to tissue
  • removal of waste products
  • transports - oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, heat
  • regulates body fluid, pH, temperature and cell water content
  • protects against excess loss by clotting and infection
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2
Q

what are the bloods components

A

cells - RBC,WBC and platelets and soluble factors eg. proteins and gases
plasma - add anticoagulant, centrifuge immediately and forms Buffy coat
serum - allow clot to form, more efficiently remove RBC

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3
Q

that is the scientific name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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4
Q

what is the scientific name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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5
Q

what is the scientific name for platlets

A

thrombocytes

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6
Q

what is a factor

A

protein

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7
Q

what is the key fact about lymphocytes

A
  • long lived - years
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8
Q

what is the scientific name for blood cell production

A

haematopoiesis

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9
Q

what cells differentiate into blood cells

A

pluripotent stem cells

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10
Q

what is the scientific name for the production of red blood cells

A

erythropoiesis

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11
Q

where do red blood cells originate from

A

myeloid stem cells

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12
Q

how are red blood cells formed

A

1) proerthrocytes ejects the nucleus to form reticulocytes ( immature RBC)
2) biconcave discs

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13
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur

A

bone marrow red pulp

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14
Q

how long to red blood cells live and how are dead ones removed

A

120 days
removed by spleen and liver

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15
Q

what happens when low O2 concentration is low

A

1) sensed by the kidneys which releases erthripoietin
2) stimulates differentiation of HSC to be converted into reticulocytes

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16
Q

what are the two types of white blood cells

A
  • granular contain vesicles
  • agranular - do not contain granules
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17
Q

what are the facts about neutrophils

A
  • 70% of white blood cells
  • short lived - 0.5-3 days
  • granular cytoplasm with multilobular nucleus
  • accumulate rapidly at sites of infection - phagocytosis and secretes enzymes
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18
Q

what are the facts about eosinophils

A
  • short lived - 5-12 days
  • most abundant in small intestine
  • prominent cytoplasmic granules for immune response to helminths and parasites
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19
Q

what are the facts about basophils

A
  • low numbers
  • roles in allergy and autoimmune disorders
  • granules contain heparin (anticoagulant), cytokines and lipid mediators
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20
Q

what do plasma, memory B cells and cytotoxic T cells do

A

plasma B- secrete antibodies
memory B - speed up subsequent response to infection
cytotoxic T - induce cell death of infected/ cancer cells

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21
Q

what is degranulation

A
  • release of granule contents into extracellular space
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22
Q

what are the key facts about monocytes

A
  • agranular myeloid cell in the bloodstream
  • mobilised to inflammatory sites after neutrophils
  • differentiate into tissue-resident macrophages
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23
Q

what are the key facts about platelets

A
  • produced by splintering of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
  • HSC differentiate into MK and platelets controlled by thrombopoietin
  • contain many vesicles but no nucleus
  • facilitate blood clotting
  • survive 5-9 days
24
Q

what are the volumes of RBC, WBC and platelets

A

RBC- 4.8x106/μL (females)
5.4x106/μL (males)
WBC - 5-10x103/μL
platelets - 1.5-4x105/μL

25
Q

what are the 3 stages of haemostasis

A
  • sequence of response that stops bleeding
    1) vascular constriction
    2) platelet plus formation
    3) blood clotting - coagulation
26
Q

what are the two pathways in coagulation

A
  • extrinsic and intrinsic
27
Q

what occurs in vascular constriction

A

1) rapture in the endothelial lining could lead to blood loss
2) smooth muscle surrounding the endothelium constrict to prevent this happening
3) damaged endothelium secretes endothelin which binds to receptors on the smooth muscle cell initiating constriction

28
Q

what are the functions of platelets

A
  • haemostasis
  • inflammation
  • antimicrobial activity
  • angiogenesis
  • tumour growth
29
Q

what are the families of receptors on a platelet

A
  • intergins
  • immunoglobin superfamily receptors
  • selectins
  • tyrosine kinse receptors
  • transmembrane receptors
  • lipid receptors
  • prostaglandin receptors
30
Q

how are platelets activated

A

1) activation of surface receptors increase calcium concentration in platelets
2) platelet conformational shape changer to spiny spherical shape
3) activated platelets release granule contents
4) increased platelet (CA2+) also stimulates membrane phospholipase A2 activity
5) Phospholipase A2 liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids
6) arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandin H2 by cycloxygenase 1 (COX-1)
7) PGH2 is further metabolised to thromboxane A2 by thromboxane synthase

31
Q

what does won willebrand factor do

A
  • multimeric glycoprotein
  • promotes platelet adhesion to expose collagen - temporary plug formation
  • contains binding sites for platelets, glycoprotein receptors and collagen
32
Q

what does serotonin (5HT) and TXA2 do

A
  • induces smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation
33
Q

what supports von willebrand factor

A

high molecular weight multimers

34
Q

what are the quick and slow caogulation cascades

A

extrinsic - quick
intrinsic - slow

35
Q

how are components in circulation

A

inert

36
Q

describe the extrinsic pathway

A

1) ruptured blood vessel exposes tissue factor
2) tissue factor binds to factor VII forming TF-VII
3) TF-VII activates factor X to factor Xa aswell as factor IX to IXa
4) IXa activates factor X to Xa
- amplifying mechanism

37
Q

describe the intrinsic pathway

A

1) ruptured blood vessels expose prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen and activates XIIa
2) XIIa activates factor XI into XIa
3) XIa activates factor IX to IXa
4) IXa activates factor X to Xa

38
Q

describe the common pathway

A

1) begging with factor X produced in liver and is activated to Xa
2) Xa forms a dimer with factor Va to form prothrombinase
3) prothrombinase converts prothrombin (II) to thrombin (IIa)
4) thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin - cross links and stabilises clot

39
Q

what is amplification in the common pathway

A

positive feedback loop

40
Q

what is polymerised fibrin held together by

A

non covalent and electrostatic forces

41
Q

what is the fibrinolytic system

A

small, unwanted clots dissolved by plasmin

42
Q

what is vitamin K refried for in coagulation

A

normal clot formation
synthesis of 4 clotting factors

43
Q

what does tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibit

A

tissue factor
produced in epithelial cells

44
Q

what does thrombomodulin do

A
  • released by endothelium
  • converts thrombin to inactive form
45
Q

what does prostacyclin I2 do

A
  • released by endothelium
  • inhibits platelet activation
46
Q

what does protein c do

A
  • activated by thrombin
  • inhibits V an VIII
47
Q

what does antithrombin do

A
  • inhibits IIa, Xa, IXa, XIa, XIIa
48
Q

what does warfarin do

A
  • tablets
  • blocks formation of vitamin dependent clotting factors
  • II, VII, IX, X
49
Q

what is heparin and what does it do

A
  • occurs naturally in the blood but also a drug
  • activates antithrombin III to inactive thrombin to prevent formation of fibrin/ clot
50
Q

what is haemophilias inheritance

A
  • X linked recessive
  • no son affected
  • daughter is carriers
51
Q

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation

A
  • overactive clotting obstructs small vessels, decreased platelets and factors, excessive bleeding
52
Q

what happens with overdevelopment of circulating anticoagulants

A

decreased clotting, similar symptoms to haemophilia

53
Q

what happens with liver disease

A
  • impaired liver function causes impaired production of clotting factors by liver parenchymal cells
54
Q

what happens with a vitamin K deficiency

A
  • impaired activations of zymogens for factor II (thrombin), VII, IX and X causing impaired clotting
55
Q

what causes haemophilia A and B

A

A- VIII mutation and deficiency
B- IX mutation and deficiency

  • prolonged bleeding, internal bleeding

medical science xy1110 (40 decks)

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