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medical science xy1110 > vitamins 1 > Flashcards

vitamins 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the macro/ major minerals and how much do you need a day

A
  • > 100mg/day
  • calcium
    -phosphorus
  • magnesium
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • potassium
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2
Q

how much macro/major minerals are found in body tissues

A

> 50mg/kg - 50ppm

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3
Q

what are the micro/trace minerals and how much do you need per day

A
  • body needs relatively less
  • chromium
  • iron
  • manganese
  • cobalt
  • copper
    -molybdenum
  • copper
  • zinc
  • fluoride
  • iodine
  • selenium
  • silicon
    -tin
  • arsenic
  • nickel
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4
Q

how much micro/trace minerals should be found in body tissue

A
  • <50mg/kg - 50ppm
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5
Q

what are food minerals

A
  • found in all food groups
  • mainly in animal products
  • often other substances in food decreases absorption of minerals
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6
Q

where is calcium most abundant and what is its functions

A
  • most abundant mineral in animal tissue
    functions:
  • bone structure
  • nerve function
  • blood clotting
  • vascular contraction and vasodilation
  • muscle contraction
  • cellular metabolism
  • intracellular signailing and hormonal secretion
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7
Q

what are the regulatory functions of calcium

A
  • stimulates blood clotting
  • muscle contractions
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • vision
  • regulation of blood glucose
  • cell differentiation
  • cofactor for energy metabolism
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8
Q

what is absorption of calcium dependent on

A
  • dependent on vitamin d - Ca binding protein in intestinal epithelial cell
  • depends on the need for particularly high during growth, pregnancy and lactation
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9
Q

what decreases the bioavailability of calcium

A
  • phytates - grains
  • oxalates
  • wheat bran
  • low estrogen levels
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10
Q

where is phosphorus found in the body and what form is it found

A
  • bound to oxygen in all biological systems
  • found as phosphate in the body - PO43-
  • 85% found in bones and teeth
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11
Q

what is the function of phosphorus in the body

A
  • Bone mineralization - forms hydroxyapatite
  • Structural component ofcell membranes - phosphoproteins
  • Structural component of DNA and RNA – protein synthesis
  • Vital in energy production – ATP and Sugar phosphates
    signallingthroughphosphorylationreactions
  • Regulation of acid-basehomeostasis
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12
Q

how is phosphorus metabolised and regulated in the body

A
  • small intestine - vitamin D- dependent active transport and simple diffusion
  • concentration controlled by calcitriol, PTH and calcitonin
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13
Q

factors increasing risk of phosphorus deficiency

A
  • alcoholics
  • diabetes - recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • starving or anorexic patients who have referring regimens that are high in calcium but low in phosphorus
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14
Q

what is phosphorus’s clinical uses

A
  • treating hyperphoshetemia, hypercalcemia, calcium based kidney stones
  • used in enemas and laxatives
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15
Q

where is magnesium found in the body and what are he quantities

A
  • 25g - 50/60% in bones
  • rest mainly found in soft tissue
  • less than 1% in blood serum
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16
Q

how much magnesium is exerted by the body every day

A
  • 120mg via urine
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17
Q

what is the functions of magnesium in the body

A
  • co factor for more than 300 enzymes
  • required for energy production - oxidation, phosphorylation and glycolysis
  • contributes to structure development of bones
  • required for RNA, DNA and antioxidant glutathione
  • active transport of calcium and potassium ions
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18
Q

what are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency

A
  • tiredness, headaches, mistral disorder, cold hands and feet, stomach cramps, muscle cramps, palpitations and tachycardia, tension in shoulders and neck area
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19
Q

what is magnesium used for in treatment

A
  • antacid
  • laxative
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20
Q

how much sodium is in the human body and where is it found

A
  • 112g
  • 60% around cells, 10% inside cells, 30% in bones
21
Q

what is the function of sodium

A
  • electrolyte - carry electrical charges when dissolved in body fluid
  • keeps fluid at normal balance
  • key role in nerve and muscle function
22
Q

how is sodium regulated in the body

A
  • lost in sweat and urine
  • when too high sensors in the heart, blood vessels and kidneys detect the increase and stimulate the kidneys to increase sodium excretion
23
Q

what are the official terms for sodium being too high or too low

A

low - hypoatremia
high - hyperatremia

24
Q

what are the symptoms of a sodium deficiency

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • muscle cramps and spasms
  • confusion
  • blood volume/ pressure
25
Q

what happens when there is too much salt in the body

A
  • raise in blood pressure leading to major risk factor for stroke and heart disease
26
Q

Whereis chloride found in the body and what %

A
  • 88% in the ECF
  • 12% in the ICF
27
Q

what is the importance of chloride in the body

A
  • electrolyte
  • maintains balance of fluid inside and outside of cells
  • maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure and pH of body fluids
  • part of digestive juices
28
Q

how is chloride absorbed and excreted in the body

A
  • rapidly and totally absorbed in the GI tract
  • excretion via gastrointestinal tract, skin and urinary tract
  • excreted mostly as sodium chloride via the kidneys
  • 2% eliminated through faeces
29
Q

how is chloride regulated in the body

A
  • the kidneys have the ability to very the daly chloride excretion
30
Q

what are the reasons for lower than normal blood chloride levels - hypochloremia

A
  • excessive sweating
  • defective renal tubular absorption
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • metabolic acidosis
31
Q

what are the reasons for high blood chloride - hyperchloremia

A
  • dehydration
  • excessive intake of salt
  • swallowing sea water
  • aspirin intoxication
  • congestive heart failure
  • hereditary
32
Q

what diseases can occur due to excessive dietary chloride

A
  • hypertension
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke
33
Q

how much potassium should be found in the body

A

4mmol/kg

34
Q

where is the most potassium found in the body

A

intracellular conc is 30 times higher than extracellular conc

35
Q

what does the difference in potassium concs cause

A

transmembrane electrochemical gradient - required for nerve transmission, muscle contraction and kidney function

36
Q

how is potassium absorbed and excreted

A
  • absorbed via passive diffusion in the small intestine
  • 90% ingested is absorbed
  • excreted primarily in the urine and some in the stool with a small amount in sweat
37
Q

how is potassium levels regulated

A
  • kidneys control excretion in response to changes in dietary intake
38
Q

what are the symptoms of a potassium deficiency

A
  • increase blood pressure, hypertension and stroke
  • kidney stroke risk
  • affects bone turnover
  • urinary calcium excretion
  • salt sensitivity
  • blood glucose control and type 2 diabetes
39
Q

what are the symptoms of low serum potassium - hypokalaemia

A

mild - constipation, fatigue, muscle weakness and malaise

moderate to severe - polyuria, encephalopathy, glucose intolerance, muscular paralysis, poor respiration, cardiac arrhythmias

severe - life threatening

40
Q

what are the symptoms of excess potassium - hyperkalemia

A
  • may be asymptomatic
  • muscle weakness
  • paralysis
  • heart palpitations
  • parenthesis - burning/ prickling sensation
  • cardiac arthythmias
41
Q

what is sulphurs function in the body

A
  • 3-6% in sulphur amino acids
  • required for biosynthesis
  • required for large number of key metabolic intermediates
42
Q

what are the symptoms of sulphur deficiency

A
  • damage to hair and nails
  • damage to skin strength an structure
  • problems with producing sulphur containing amino acids
  • antioxidant glutathione not produced
  • problems with insulin production
43
Q

what happens when you have excess sulphur

A
  • osmotic diarrhoea due to high levels of water, odour and off taste usually limit intake
  • can irritate airways or cause a cough
  • irritation of skin and eyes
44
Q

how much iron does an adult need

A

3-4g

45
Q

where is iron mainly found in the body

A
  • haemoglobin
  • some stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, bone marrow or myoglobin in muscle tissue
46
Q

what is the functions of iron

A
  • An essential component of haemoglobin
  • a component of myoglobin
  • supports muscle metabolism and healthy connective tissue
  • necessary for physical growth
  • neurological development
  • cellular functioning
  • synthesis of some hormones
47
Q

what are the symptom of anaemia

A
  • chest pain, angine, heart attack
  • shortness of breathe
  • skin cold, pale or yellowing
  • muscle weakness
  • change in stool colour
  • fatigue, dizziness or fainting
  • enlargement of spleen
  • broken hair/ hair loss
  • cracked lips/ corners of mouth
48
Q

what are the symptoms of iron toxicity

A

Gastric upset
Constipation
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Faintness
Taking supplements can reduce zinc absorption and plasma zinc concentrations
Overdoses of iron can lead to multisystem organ failure, coma, convulsions and even death

49
Q

what is hemochromatosis and what is the treatment

A
  • mutation in HFE gene associated with excess build up of iron
  • 1 in 10 white people carry
  • treatment periodic chelation or phlebotomy
  • without treatment suffers in their 30s suffer from liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, heart disease, and impaired pancreatic function

medical science xy1110 (40 decks)

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