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medical science xy1110 > biochemistry 1 > Flashcards

biochemistry 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first stage of glycolysis called

A

energy investment

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2
Q

what is the second stage of glycolysis called

A

energy generation

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3
Q

what converts glucose into glucose 6 phosphate

A

glucokinase or hexokinase
and ATP

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4
Q

where is glucokinase found

A

liver and pancreas

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5
Q

what converts glucose-6phosphate to fructose-6- phosphate

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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6
Q

what converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase-1
and ATP

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7
Q

what converts fructose-1,6-bisphophate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

aldolase

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8
Q

what converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

aldolase

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9
Q

what converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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10
Q

why is there phosphorylation in the energy investment stage

A
  • destabilisation of carbon-carbon bonds
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11
Q

what converts glyceraldehyde-3-phsopahte t0 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD+

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12
Q

what converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate kinase and ADP

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13
Q

what converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

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14
Q

what converts 2-phophoglycerate to phosphoneolpyruvate

A
  • H20
    enolase
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15
Q

what converts phosphoneolpyruvate to pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase and ADP

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16
Q

how many ATP are produced from anaerobic glycolysis

A

2

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17
Q

how many ATP are produced from aerobic glycolysis

A

7

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18
Q

how many ATP are produced from aerobic respiration

A

32

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19
Q

what is hexokinase inhibited by

A

glucose-6-phosphate

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20
Q

what is phosphofructokinase-1 inhibited by

A

ATP and citrate

21
Q

what is phosphofructokinase-1 activated by

A

AMP,fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

22
Q

what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by

A

ATP and alanine

23
Q

what is private kinase activated by

A

AMP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

24
Q

where is hexokinase found at what is its functions

A
  • normal energy requiring tissue eg. muscles
  • low Km so is saturated at low glucose levels
  • regulated by G6P negative feedback
25
Q

describe the Km, regulation and function

A
  • Km is higher so high capacity of glucose
  • no feedback from G6P
  • glucose sensing in the pancreas and reduce glycolysis in the liver for glycogen synthesis
26
Q

what does insulin do to glycolysis

A

increases glycolysis buy inducing hexokinase, phopshofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase
- stimulates glucose uptake in blood

27
Q

what does the muscle, liver and adipose do when there is insulin released

A

muscle and liver - converts glucose to glycogen
liver - decrease glyconeogenesis
adipose - increases fat synthesis to act on hypothalamus to decrease appetite

28
Q

what does the release of glucagon do to glycolysis

A
  • decrease glycolysis
  • represses hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase
29
Q

what does the release of glucagon do to the muscle and liver

A

muscle and liver - stimulates glycogen breakdown
liver - stimulates gluconoegenesis

30
Q

what happens in aerobic conditions to NAD+ recovery

A
  • NADH not oxidised in electron transport chain
  • NADH build up
  • pyruvate reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
  • NAD+ used for glycolysis
31
Q

describe the cori cycle

A

1) glycolysis in the muscles coverts glucose to lactate
2) lactate is transported to the liver via blood
3) gluconeogenesis in liver reforms glucose from lactate
4) glucose transported back to muscles via blood

32
Q

when does the cori cycle take place

A
  • under anaerobic conditions
  • liver resupplies muscles with glucose and maintains normal blood glucose levels
33
Q

what is lactic acidosis and what are the symptoms

A
  • lactic acid build up in blood stream >4mM
  • symptoms - nausea, vomiting, weakness
34
Q

what is lactic acidosis causes by

A
  • decrease O2 delivery to tissue
  • decrease lactate clearance - liver disease and sepsis
  • increase lactate production - cancer
35
Q

describe the manose cycle

A
  • mannose —> mannose-6- phosphate - hexokinase and ATP
  • mannose-6-phosphate –> fructose-6-phosphate - phopshomannose isomerase
  • glycolysis continues
36
Q

what cause lactose intolerance

A
  • no lactase
  • increased osmotic pressure
  • bacterial fermentation
  • causes diarrhoea
37
Q

what causes fructose intolerance

A
  • no GLUT5 carrier protein
  • increases osmotic pressure
  • diarrhoea
38
Q

what are the two stages of the pentose shunt

A
  • oxidative phase
  • non-oxidative phase
39
Q

what does the pentose shunt produce

A
  • NADPH
  • ribose-5-phosphate
  • fructose-6-phospahte
40
Q

what is the oxidative phase of the pentose shunt dependent on

A
  • availability of NADP+
41
Q

what is the non oxidative phase of the pentose shunt dependent on

A
  • availability of substrates
42
Q

when is the non oxidative phase of the pentose shunt active

A
  • when ribose-5-phosphate is required more than NADP
43
Q

when is the oxidative phase of the pentose shunt active

A
  • when ribose-5-phosphate and NDPH are required equally
44
Q

what occurs when NADPH is required more than ribose-5-phosphate in the pentose shunt

A
  • fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are converted back into glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
  • glucose may be converted into pyruvate
45
Q

what are the causes, symptoms and triggers for 6-GPD deficiency

A

causes - X-linked recessive, major cause of haemolytic anaemia

symptoms - dark urine, fatigue, painless, rapid heart rate, shortness of breathe, jaundice

triggers - foods, medicine, bacterial or virus infections

46
Q

what is used to measure vitamin B - thiamine levels

A
  • erythrocyte transketolase assay
47
Q

what enzymes is vitamin B1 - thiamine used in

A
  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • transketolase activity
48
Q
A

medical science xy1110 (40 decks)

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