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medical science xy1110 > vitamins 2 > Flashcards

vitamins 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are vitamins

A

essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micro) involved in fundamental functions of the body

they are not related chemically - have very different structures

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2
Q

what are the functions of vitamins

A

regulators - catalysts/ cofactors of reactions, some involved in energy metabolism

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3
Q

how are vitamins classed

A

based on solubility - water/fat soluble

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4
Q

what is the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D2,D3,E,K
vitamin names - retinol, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, tocopherol, phylloquinone

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5
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

vitamin B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12,C
vitamin names- thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin, ascorbic acid

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6
Q

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed

A

1) digestion in the stomach and small intestine release vitamins from food
2) absorbed into bloodstream
3) kidneys filter out excess and excrete in the urine

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7
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A

1) digestion in the stomach and small intestine release vitamins from food
2) micelles carry fat soluble vitamins and dietary fat to the brushed boarder for absorption
3) chylomicrons transport via lymph to the bloodstream and then the liver

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8
Q

which vitamins can be synthesised and which cannot

A

mammals - synthesise vitamin C but humans and primates cannot
cannot synthesise vitamin B but rumen bacteria can

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9
Q

which water soluble vitamins are energy releasing and which are hematopoietic

A

energy releasing B1,2,3,5,6,7,
hematopoietic folic acid, B12

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10
Q

how much vitamin b1 - thiamin do you need

A

25-30mg in the adult body

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11
Q

where is vitamin B1-Thiamin found

A

skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidney and brain

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12
Q

how is vitamin B1- Thiamin found in the body

A
  • 80% is thiamin diphosphate/ thiamin pyrophosphate which is the main metabolically active form
  • thiamine monophosphate
  • thiamine triphopshate
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13
Q

what is vitamin B1- thiamin used for

A
  • essential for normal growth and development
  • helps to maintain proper functioning of the heart, nervous and digestive system
  • ATP production
  • synthesis of DNA and RNA
  • non-coenzyme roles
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14
Q

what happens with the bioavailability and regulation of thiamin

A
  • increases when intake is low
  • simple diffusion when intake is high
  • antithiamin factors - raw fish, coffee, tea, berries, Brussels sprouts, cabbage
  • vitamins c prevents oxidation
  • alcohol inhibits thiamin
  • excess excreted in urine
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15
Q

what are the sources of thiamin

A
  • unrefined grain products
  • fortified breakfast cereals
  • nuts
  • meat
  • vegetables
  • legumes
  • fruits
  • dairy products - milk
  • eggs
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16
Q

what are he health benefits of thiamin

A
  • used to reduce the progression of multiple sclerosis and Alzheimers disease
  • ensures development of myelin sheaths and aids nerve functioning
17
Q

what happens if thiamin toxicity

A
  • only known cases of thiamine overdose occurred with thiamine injections
  • thiamine injections may result in anaphylactic shock
18
Q

where is B2 - riboflavin found in the body

A
  • essential constituent of all living cells
  • small amounts in liver, heart and kidneys
19
Q

what is the functions of vitamin B2- riboflavin

A
  • releases energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat - coenzyme FMN or FAD
  • Involved in the transport and metabolism of iron
  • Needed for structure and functioning of the skin and body linings
  • Assists in the synthesis of steroids, red blood cells and glycogen
20
Q

what is FMN and FAD coenzyme functions

A
  • Energy metabolism
  • Redox reactions
  • Formation of ATP, water, carbon dioxide
  • β-oxidation
  • Converts vitamin A & folate to active forms, tryptophan to niacin
  • Forms vitamin B6 & K
21
Q

what happens with the bioavailability and regulation of B2- riboflavin

A
  • animal foods more bioavailable
  • absorption - simple diffusion when high, active transport when low
  • alcohol inhibits absorption
  • excess excreted in urine
22
Q

how is riboflavin - B2 used in heath

A
  • research to prevent migraines and headaches
  • might help to prevent DNA damage caused by carcinogens by acting as a conenzyme with serval different cytochrome p450 enzymes - limited studies, mixed findings
22
Q

what are the sources of riboflavin - b2

A
  • milk
  • eggs
  • rice
  • fortified breakfast cereals
  • liver
  • legumes
  • mushrooms
  • green vegetables
23
Q

what is vitamin B3 - niacin used for

A
  • releases energy from food
  • normal structure of skin and body linings
  • keeps digestive and nervous system and brain healthy
  • maintaining healthy cardiovascular function and metabolism - balances cholesterol levels
  • preventing or treating diabetes
24
Q

what are the coezymes of niacin- B3 and what are their functions

A
  • nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
    functions:
  • Coenzymes catalyze redox reactions related to energy metabolism
  • Synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones & DNA
  • Metabolizes vitamin C & folate
  • Makes NAD+ & NADP
  • Lower LDL & increase HDL
25
Q

what happens with the bioavailability and regulation of niacin - B3

A
  • animal products more bioavailable than plants
  • increased bioavailability when treating grain products with alkaline substances cleaves proteins from niacin
  • absorbed in small intestine - simple diffusion with high intake, active transport with low intake
  • circulated in the liver - attached to transport proteins - converted to NAD+ OR NADP
  • liver converts tryptophan to niacin
26
Q

what are the sources of niacin - B3

A

Meat
Fish
Wheat and maize
Flour
Eggs
Dairy products
Sunflower Seeds
Split Green Peas
Mushrooms
Tahini (sesame seed paste)
Beets
Brewer’s yeast
Peanuts

27
Q

what is the function of B5 - pantothenic acid or pantothenate

A
  • helps body release energy from food we eat
  • pantothenate - form of Co-A species - cellular metabolism and synthesis of essential molecules
  • Use of glucose, AAs & FAs for - ATP production
28
Q

what does pantothenic acid - B5 synthesise

A

Heme
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Phospholipids
Fatty acids
Steroid hormones

29
Q

what happens with the bioavailability and regulation of pantothenic acid

A
  • bioavailability increases via active transport when low
  • circulated to liver via blood
  • not stored in body
  • coenzyme form high in liver, kidneys, heart, adrenal glands and brain
30
Q

what are the sources of pantothenic acid - B5

A

Kale
Cabbage
Eggs
Kidneys
Liver

31
Q
A

medical science xy1110 (33 decks)

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