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medical science xy1110 > cell biology 7 > Flashcards

cell biology 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what signal transduction

A

process by which cells translate intracellular and extracellular signals to a cellular response

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2
Q

what does signal transduction regulate

A
  • growth
  • division
  • differentiation
  • behaviour
  • cell death - apoptosis
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3
Q

what are the signalling pathways

A
  • regulatory proteins
  • chemical signals
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4
Q

what are the major steps in cell signalling

A

1) reception - signal molecule binds to a receptor protein
2) transduction - receptor activates one or more intracellular signalling pathways
3) response - one or more intracellular signalling proteins alters the activity of effector proteins

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5
Q

what is contact dependent signal transmission

A
  • signalling cell has membrane bound signal molecule which attaches to attachment protein on target cell
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6
Q

what is autocrine cell signalling

A
  • signal produced in cell and signals cell by exocytosis
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7
Q

what is paracrine cell signalling

A
  • local mediator - short lived signals target cells from the signalling cell
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8
Q

what is synaptic cell signalling

A
  • neurotransmitters move across synapse and to target cell receptors on the cell surface membrane
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9
Q

what is gap junction signalling

A
  • small molecules move between gap junctions and passes on signals
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10
Q

what is endocrine cell signalling

A
  • endocrine cell secretes hormones into bloodstream and they bind to receptors on the target cell
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11
Q

what are the types of signalling molecules

A
  • Proteins
  • Small peptides
  • Amino acids
  • Nucleotides
  • Steroids
  • Retinoids
  • Fatty acid derivatives
  • Dissolved gases; e.g. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
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12
Q

what types of cell transduction receptors are there

A
  • cell surface receptors
  • intracelular receptors
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13
Q

what are the 3 main classes of cell surface receptors in signal transduction

A
  • ion channel receptors
  • enzyme linked receptors
  • G-protein coupled receptors
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14
Q

what are the common water soluble intracellular signals

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
Calcium

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15
Q

what are the common lipid intracellular signals

A

Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
→ Released soluble Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3

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16
Q

what are the common intracellular enzyme modification signals

A

Protein Phosphorylation
GTP binding

17
Q

what is protein phosphorylation regulated by

A
  • kinase and phosphatases
  • can lead to kinase cascades
18
Q

what is GTP binding regulated by

A
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)
  • GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)
19
Q

what are the two main forms of GTP binding

A
  • G proteins - Large, trimeric, relay signals from G-protein-coupled receptors
  • Monomeric GTP-binding proteins - small, monomeric, relay signals from many cell-surface receptors
20
Q

describe the hyperbolic response curve

A
  • responses increases gradually
  • plateau as the pathway is saturated
21
Q

describe the sigmoidal response curve

A
  • reduced response at low signal concentrations
22
Q

describe the all or none curve

A
  • cell switches between a low and high response
23
Q

what is positive feedback

A
  • activation of the signal causes an amplification of the signal
24
Q

what is negative feedback

A
  • activation of the signal reduces the signal
  • cells can become desensitised to signal
25
Q

how are G protein coupled receptors activated

A
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to G-Proteins
  • Remains active with bound signal → Multiple G-Protein activations
26
Q

what do trimeric GTP-binding proteins do

A
  • Acts on ion channels or enzymes
    α Subunit - Binds GDP/GTP
    - Membrane anchored

β Subunit - Becomes activated with γ

γ Subunit - Becomes activated with β
- Membrane anchored

27
Q

what regulated the activity of G protein coupled receptors

A
  • Activity of GPCRs are regulated by Phosphorylation by GRK and Arrestin binding
  • Arrestin blocks G-Protein binding and promotes internalisation of GPCRs
  • Some activated Arrestin molecules lead to separate signalling pathways
28
Q

what stimulates cAMP production

A
  • Many GPCRs stimulate cAMP production in hormone signalling - via Adenylyl Cyclase
29
Q
A

medical science xy1110 (33 decks)

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