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medical science xy1110 > vitamins 3 > Flashcards

vitamins 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of fat soluble vitamins

A
  • cell growth
  • maturation
  • gene regulation
  • vision
  • bone formation
  • antioxidants
  • blood clotting
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2
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A
  • absorbed with dietary fat
  • transported away from small intestine in chylomicrons via blood and lymph
  • liver either stores or repackages it to delivery for other cells
  • excess vitamins accumulate in liver and adipose
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3
Q

what is vitamin A - retinol used for in the body

A
  • synthesis of RNA
  • vision
  • reproduction
  • embryonic development
  • morphogenesis
  • growth
  • cellular differentiation
  • apart from vision most are related to gene extrusion with vitamin A metabolites
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4
Q

what are the retinoids

A
  • retinol - synthesised from retinal
  • retinal - converted to retinoid acid
  • retinoic acid
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5
Q

what are the carotenoids

A
  • provitamin A carotenoids
  • non-provitamin A carotenoids
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6
Q

how is most vitamin A stored

A
  • in the liver in the form of retinyl esters
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7
Q

how is vitamin A and carotenoids regulated in the body

A

1) contained in chylomicrons
2) enter lymph
3) join blood at thoracic duct
4) delivered to adipose tissue, muscle and eye
5) what is not used is taken back to liver
6) carotenoids packaged into VLDLs
7) vitamin A attached to retinol binding proteins and transthyretin

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8
Q

what does lutein do

A
  • may decrease growth of breast tumours
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9
Q

what does lycopene do

A
  • related to lower risk of prostate caner
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10
Q

what does lutein and zeaxanthin do

A
  • related to decreased risk of macular degeneration
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11
Q

what foods is beta-carotene found in

A
  • carrots
  • sweet potatoes
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12
Q

what foods is lycopene found in

A
  • tomatoes
  • pink grapefruit
  • apricots
  • watermelon
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13
Q

what foods is lutein found in

A
  • dark green leafy vegetables
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14
Q

what is the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency disorder (VADD)

A
  • increased risk of infection
  • hyperkeratosis
  • night blindness
  • xerophthalmia - dry eyes
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15
Q

what is the form of vitamin A essential for vision

A
  • 11-cis-rentinal
  • essential component of rhodopsin
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16
Q

what is retinoic acid essential for

A
  • compound in the retina that consists of the protein opsin and vitamin cis-retinal needed for night vision
  • a protein that absorbs light in the retinal receptors
  • supports the normal differentiation and functioning of the conjunctive membrane and cornea
17
Q

that are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A

A
  • blurred vision
  • liver abnormalities
  • reduced bone strength
  • birth defects
  • increased risk of lung cancer
  • hypercarotenemia
18
Q

what is the therapeutic effect of vitamin A

A

11-cis-retinal oxidised to retinoic acid which is used inn hormonal signalling to epithelial cells

19
Q

what os the functions of vitamin D - cholecalciferol

A
  • synthesised in the skin
  • regulates the absorption of phosphorus and calcium during bone growth
  • enhances immune function
  • improves muscle strength
20
Q

how is vitamin D activated

A
  • activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • acts greatly increases the amount of calcium that the intestine can absorb from food
21
Q

what is the name for a vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

22
Q

what is the use of vitamin E - tocopherol in the body

A
  • maintenance of membrane integrity in virtually all cells of the body
  • antioxidant
  • non-antioxidant functions have also been proposed eg. modification of gene transcription and expression
23
Q

where is vitamin E found and synthesises

A
  • synthesised only in plants
  • highest levels in fatty tissue
24
Q

why is vitamin E an antioxidant

A
  • reducing reagent that scavenges oxygen and free radicals
  • helps protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid membrane from oxidative damage
  • picks up electrons from lipid free radical species
25
Q

what happens with a vitamin K deficiency

A
  • clotting disorders - prolonged bleeding and bruising
  • decreased bone mineral density
  • menorrhagia
26
Q
A

medical science xy1110 (40 decks)

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