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Biology 203 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

A deficiency disease caused by the absence of vitamin C in the diet:

A

scurvy

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2
Q

Ascorbic acid –literally means:

A

without-scurvy acid

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3
Q

fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

What is a vitamin?

A

A complex organic compound,

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5
Q

Vitamins, are not a source of

A

energy

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6
Q

vitamin precursors that do not function in the body until converted to active forms:

A

Provitamins

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7
Q

precursor to vitamin A:

A

Beta-carotene

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8
Q

precursor to niacin:

A

Tryptophan (amino acid)

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9
Q

vitamins are found in food that are usable my the body –without chemical transformation:

A

Preformed

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10
Q

Most vitamin absorption occurs in:

A

small intestine

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11
Q

water-soluble vitamins:

A

B and C

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12
Q

preformed vitamin A:

A

Retinol

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13
Q

the most active

form of the vitamin in the body;

A

retinol

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14
Q

Retinol and the other forms of vitamin A are only in:

A

animal foods

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15
Q

yellow-orange pigments:

A

carotenoids.

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16
Q

One such carotenoid is:

A

beta-carotene.

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17
Q

The body can use beta-carotene to make:

A

retinol

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18
Q

Vitamin A is crucial for production and maintenance of:

A

epithelial cells

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19
Q

Epithelial cells secrete:

A

mucus

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20
Q

xerophthalmia:

A

–permanent blindness

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21
Q

Keratinization:

A

hard, scaly/bumpy skin

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22
Q

Half a million children go blind each year because of:

A

vitamin A deficiency.

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23
Q

Green, leafy vegetables, (eg spinach and kale) have high concentrations of:

A

lutein and zeaxanthin.

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24
Q

Tomato juice and other tomato products contain considerable amounts of:

A

lycopene.

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25
Q

Although lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene are carotenoids, the body does not:

A

convert them to vitamin A

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26
Q

Leading cause of blindness in elderly:

A

macular degeneration

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27
Q

Vitamin A is stored in the:

A

liver

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28
Q

Excess vitamin A is a:

A

teratogen

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29
Q

Adequate Vitamine D ensures:

A

strong bones

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30
Q

Vitamin D works with ______ to signal bones to release calcium:

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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31
Q

PTH stimulates the kidneys to increase:

A

vitamin D production

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32
Q

PTH stimulates the kidneys to decrease:

A

the elimination of calcium in urine

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33
Q

active form of vitamin D:

A

Calcitriol

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34
Q

a major concern in developing countries:

A

rickets

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35
Q

breast milk contains insufficient amounts of vitamin D to prevent:

A

rickets

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36
Q

The adult form of rickets:

A

osteomalacia.

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37
Q

Excess vitamin D can cause the small intestine to:

A

absorbs too much calcium from foods.

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38
Q

how many forms of vitamin E?

A

8

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39
Q

alpha-tocopherol:

A

most active form of vitamin E

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40
Q

Vitamin E easily destroyed by:

A

cooking

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41
Q

major fat-soluble antioxidant

found in cells:

A

Vitamin E

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42
Q

– It donates an electron to free radicals:

A

Vitamin E

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43
Q

this vitamin protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged by radicals:

A

Vitamin E

44
Q

substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules:

A

oxidant (oxidizing agent)

45
Q

An oxidation reaction can form a :

A

free radical

46
Q

Vitamin E is also added to food to prevent:

A

oxidation

47
Q

Vitamin E protects LDLs from being oxidized thus lowering risk of:

A

CVD

48
Q

Vitamin K is important in:

A

Coagulation (Koagulation)

49
Q

Important for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in the blood:

A

Vitamin K

50
Q

Without it, you could bleed to death from a minor cut.

A

Vitamin K

51
Q

About 10% of our vitamin K is synthesised by:

A

the bacteria living in our large intestine.

52
Q

infants have a sterile intestine, therefore they could:

A

Bleed to death

53
Q

Infants are given:

A

a single dose of Vitamin K at birth

54
Q

In the stomach, vitamins are released from:

A

protein complexes in food.

55
Q

The vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine

and delivered to the liver via the:

A

portal vein

56
Q

Liver keeps/stores:

A

B12

57
Q

Excess water-soluble vitamins are eliminated through the:

A

kidneys in the urine

58
Q

to understand the water soluble B-vitamins we need to understand:

A

coenzymes

59
Q

the chemical reactions that involve the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids require:

A

B-vitamins.

60
Q

B-vitamins work as

A

co-enzymes

61
Q

Most water soluble vitamins are sensitive to:

A

heat

62
Q

Most water soluble vitamins have numerous:

A

functions

63
Q

Thiamin (B1) Major Functions in the Body:

A

– A coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism:

64
Q

The thiamin-deficiency disease is called:

A

BeriBeri

65
Q

Thiamin deficiency can also occur from:

A

alcoholism

66
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff:

A

alcohol interferes with thiamin absorption

67
Q

Riboflavin (B2) • Major Functions in the Body:

A

– A coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism:

68
Q

Exposure to light causes Riboflavin to:

A

break

down rapidly.

69
Q

Riboflavin-rich foods, (e.g. milk) should not be packaged or stored in:

A

clear glass containers

70
Q

30 minutes of UV light will destroy:

A

30% of riboflavin

71
Q

What happens if riboflavin is missing from the diet?

A

– Fatigued easily. – Inflamed tongue, sores on the edges of the lips – But deficiency is very rare.

72
Q

Niacin (B3) Major Functions in the Body:

A

participate in at least 200 reactions, including those involved in the release of energy from macronutrients!

73
Q

We can produce some small amounts of niacin using:

A

The amino acid is tryptophan

74
Q

What happens if niacin is missing from the diet?

A

– Pellagra disease

75
Q

– Pellagra disease:

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Dermatitis
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Death
76
Q

prison inmates fed a low protein diet developed:

A

Pellagra

77
Q

Is niacin found in corn?

A

YES

78
Q

The niacin content in corn is high, but is tightly bound to:

A

a protein that resists digestion.

79
Q

people who eat corn as their staple food are prone to develop:

A

pellagra.

80
Q

Vitamin B-6 is essential for:

A

amino acid metabolism

81
Q

Without vitamin B-6, all amino acids become :

A

essential.

82
Q

what is important for conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin?

A

Vitamin B6

83
Q

What is Required for synthesis of the heme in hemoglobin?

A

Vitamin B6

84
Q

What is required for the Conversion of toxic homocysteine, to cysteine?

A

Vitamin B6

85
Q

Without heme, hemoglobin cannot carry:

A

02

86
Q

If vitamin B-6 is unavailable for heme synthesis, what develops?

A

anemia

87
Q

megadoses of vitamin B-6 are:

A

toxic

88
Q

In the body, cells convert all forms of folate to :

A

folate- coenzymes .

89
Q

folate-containing coenzymes are needed to:

A

synthesize DNA

90
Q

when to we have rampant DNA synthesis?

A

– During embryonic development.

91
Q

The two neural tube defects are:

A

Spina bifida

Anencephaly

92
Q

ALL wheat flour is fortified with:

A

folic acid

93
Q

abnormal RBCs called:

A

megaloblasts

94
Q

characterized by large, immature RBCs.:

A

Megaloblastic anemia

95
Q

Vitamin B-12 maintain:

A

the myelin sheaths that insulate parts of certain nerve cells.

96
Q

The natural vitamin B-12 in food is bound to:

A

proteins that prevent its absorption.

97
Q

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach release:

A

B-12 from the protein

98
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

in the ileum

99
Q

A healthy liver has enough vitamin B-12 reserves to last:

A

up to 5 years.

100
Q

We rely almost entirely on animal foods to supply:

A

B-12

101
Q

B-12 deficiency:

A

• Pernicious Anemia

102
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A

Collagen Synthesis

103
Q

fibrousproteinthatgivesstrengthtoconnectivetissue

A

Collagen

104
Q

the water-soluble antioxidant

A

Vitamin C

105
Q

Vitamin C also may donate electrons to another antioxidant—

A

vitamin E

Biology 203 (9 decks)

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