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Biology 203 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

matter is made up of:

A

elements

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2
Q

Element:

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances chemically

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3
Q

how many naturally occurring elements?

A

92

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4
Q

Compound-

A

a substance consisting of two or more

elements

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5
Q

how many of the 92 elements are essential to life?

A

About 20–25%

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6
Q

Atom’s chemical behaviour is determined by distribution of:

A

electrons in its electron shells

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7
Q

The periodic table of the elements shows the:

A

electron distribution

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8
Q

Valence electrons are:

A

those in outermost shell, or valence shell

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9
Q

Chemical behaviour of an atom is mostly determined by:

A

valence electrons

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10
Q

Elements with a full valence shell are

A

chemically inert

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11
Q

An example of ionic bond:

A

the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine

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12
Q

A compound that finds itself with an unpaired electron, becomes a

A

free radical.

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13
Q

Free radicals cause:

A

damage to your cells

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14
Q

antioxidants have:

A

extra electrons that they can donate to free radicals

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15
Q

The lesser component in a solution is the:

A

solute

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16
Q

Blood is a solution composed of:

A

plasma and cells

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17
Q

Plasma is ≈

A

92% water

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18
Q

Electrons that are shared between 2 atoms in a chemical

bond:

A

are not always shared equally

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19
Q

The oxygen atom is

A

very selfish.

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20
Q

in a water molecule, the electrons shared between hydrogen and oxygen spend more time orbiting the

A

oxygen atom

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21
Q

polar molecules:

A

partial negative charge around the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge around the hydrogen atoms.

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22
Q

The solubility of a compound:

A

how easily it dissolves, that is, forms a solution, in a liquid solvent.

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23
Q

is starch soluble in water?

A

partially

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24
Q

Acids are substances that:

A

lose H+ when dissolved in water

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25
Q

Bases are substances that:

A

remove and accept H+ when

dissolved in water.

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26
Q

Bases remove H+ from solutions by:

A

dropping OH-.

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27
Q

Bases accept H+ by

A

binding to H+.

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28
Q

Under normal conditions, the pH of your blood ranges from

A

7.35 to 7.45

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29
Q

With each whole number increase within the scale, the H+

concentration:

A

decreases 10 times.

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30
Q

Catabolic reactions involve:

A

breaking down molecules

31
Q

Anabolic reactions involve

A

synthesizing new compounds.

32
Q

example of catabolism:

A

during digestion

33
Q

example of anabolism:

A

after sports injury

34
Q

Metabolism refers to

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.

35
Q

__________are crucial for chemical reactions:

A

enzymes

36
Q

Most enzymes end in:

A

“ase”

37
Q

Tissues are:

A

a collection of cells.

38
Q

The tissue that we care most about in this course is the:

A

epithelial tissue.

39
Q

4 types of tissue:

A

epithelial

connective

muscle

neural

40
Q

how many organs in body?

A

more than 40

41
Q

how many organ systems in body?

A

11

42
Q

collection of tissues that perform a

specific function:

A

organs

43
Q

groups of organs that work together for similar purpose:

A

organ systems

44
Q

Hollow tube from mouth to anus:

A

lumen

45
Q

Transit time:

A

24 to 72 hours

46
Q

Accessory organs:

A

gallbladder, pancreas, liver

47
Q

The innermost lining of the digestive tract:

A

the mucosa

48
Q

the physical and chemical breakdown of food into a form that allows nutrients to be absorbed:

A

digestion

49
Q

the transfer of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph:

A

absorption

50
Q

the process whereby solid waste is removed from the body:

A

elimination

51
Q

Saliva from glands mixes with food and begins digestion of:

A

starch and fat

52
Q

Saliva contains:

A

Enzymes that break down bacteria
– Mucus to lubricate and hold food together – Salivary amylase breaks down starch – Lipase breaks down some fat – And enhances perception of flavor

53
Q

Umami means:

A

savory

54
Q

the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea:

A

the throat, or pharynx

55
Q

The esophagus connects to:

A

the stomach

56
Q

The trachea (windpipe) leads to

A

the lungs

57
Q

what moves the bolus toward the stomach?

A

peristalsis

58
Q

The trip from mouth to stomach takes:

A

less than 10 seconds

59
Q

the first of several sphincters in the GI tract:

A

the gastroesophageal sphincter .

60
Q

If food re-enters esophagus:

A

GERD

61
Q

Mixed with stomach secretions food becomes

A

chyme

62
Q

what prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate its entry into small intestine?

A

sphincters

63
Q

what controls the rate that chyme is released into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

64
Q

The small intestine has 3 sections:

A 
Duodenum (shortest segment 25cm) 
Jejunum 
Ileum (longest segment)
65
Q

Most digestion and absorption occurs in the:

A

small intestine

66
Q

The small intestine works as a team with the:

A

gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

67
Q

what does Liver do?

A

Processes and stores nutrients, produces cholesterol, makes bile

68
Q

what does the Gallbladder do?

A

Releases bile into the duodenum when fatty foods are present

69
Q

what does the Pancreas do?

A

Secrets enzymes that break down carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Also neutralizes HCl in chyme when it enters the duodenum.

70
Q

Beginning from the heart, the blood flows through:

A 
 Arteries 
 Arterioles
 Capillaries: this is where gas + nutrient exchange between blood and cells occurs.
Venules 
Veins
71
Q

The Lymphatic System Circulates:

A

Fat- Soluble Nutrients

72
Q

The Cardiovascular System Circulates:

A

Nutrients and Gases

73
Q

Primary role of large intestine is

A

absorption of water and minerals, and dehydration of chyme before it is expelled

74
Q

Functions of Large Intestine:

A

Housing of bacteria (microbiota)

Biology 203 (9 decks)

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