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USMLE BIOCHEMISTRY > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B complex and Vit C

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2
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal Ileum

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4
Q

B Complex deficiencies triad

A

Dermatitis + Glosytis + Anemia

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5
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamins A,D,E,K

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6
Q

Which kind of vitamin is more likely to accumulate and cause toxicity

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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7
Q

Malbsorption syndromes are associated to Deficiency of which kind of vitamin

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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8
Q

B1 is an essential cofactor in

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Glycolysis -> Krebs Cycle)
Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase (Krebs Cycle)
Transkelotase (HMP Shunt)
Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (AA metabolism)

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9
Q

Deficiency of B1 can cause

A
  1. Wernicke-Korsakoff dementia
  2. Dry beri-beri
  3. Wet beri-beri
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10
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff triad

A

Confusion + Ophtalmoplegia + Ataxia

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11
Q

Beri-beri clinical features

A

Dry beri-beri: Polyneuropathy
Wet beri-beri: Heart failure and cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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13
Q

Vitamin B2 defiency can cause

A

Cheilosis and Corneal Vascularization

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14
Q

Vitamin B2 serves as cofactor in

A

Krebs Cycle and Electron transport Chain

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15
Q

Vitamin B2 is a primary component of

A

FAD+

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16
Q

Vitamin B3: Name

A

Niacin

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17
Q

Vitamin B3 serves as cofactor in

A

Glycolylis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Ethanol Metabolism

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18
Q

Deficiency of B3 causes

A

PELLAGRA: Diarrhea + Dermatitis + Dementia

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19
Q

Vitamin B3 is a primary component of

A

NADP/NAD+

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20
Q

Vitamin B3 can be synthetized from

A

Tryptophan

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21
Q

Diseases that decrease Tryptophan can cause ____________. For example _____________

A
  1. Pellagra
  2. Carcinoid syndrome and Hartnup disease
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22
Q

Vitamin B5 name

A

Pantothenic Acid

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23
Q

Vitamin B5 serves as a cofactor in

A

All reactions that involve CoA

24
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency causes

A

Dermatitis, Enteritis and Alopecia

25
Q

Vitamin B6 serves a cofactor in

A

Transamination (AA metabolism) and Decarboxylation reactions

26
Q

Vitamin B6 is required for synthesis of

A

Neurotransmitters
Heme
Histamine

27
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B6 causes

A

Sideroblastic anemia
Peripheral Neuropathy

28
Q

Vitamin B7 name

A

Biotin

29
Q

Vitamin B7 serves as a cofactor in

A

Carboxylation Reactions: ANABOLIC
- Gluconeogenesis
- FA synthesis
- AA metabolism

30
Q

Vitamin B7 and gluconeogenesis

A

Vitamin B7 serves as a cofactor of Pyruvate Carboxylase

31
Q

Vitamin B9 serves a cofactor in

A

Methylation = Synthesis of nucleic acids / amino acids

32
Q

Deficiency of B9 causes

A

Megaloblastic anemia + Hypersegmented PMN cells

33
Q

Deficiency of B9 during pregnancy is associated to

A

Neural Tube defects

34
Q

Reserve-time for Vitamin B9

A

30 days

35
Q

Vitamin B12 serves as cofactor in

A

Methylation reactions (Same as B9) and Myelin Synthesis

36
Q

Deficiency of B12 causes

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Subacute combined degeneration
  • Increased Homocysteine and Methylmalonic acid
37
Q

Common causes of B12 deficiency

A
  • Vegan diet
  • Achlorhydria (PPI use)
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Gastric bypass / Ileal resection
  • Alcoholism / Malabsorption syndromes
  • Bacterial overgrowth
38
Q

Vitamin C serves as cofactor in

A

Collagen and neurotransmitter (Dopamine to NEP) Synthesis

39
Q

Vitamin C also has _________ properties

A

Antioxidant

40
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes

A

Scurvy:
- Swollen gums + Petechia + Corkscrew hair + Perifollicular hemorrhage.

41
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

Function of Rod and Cone cells
Embryologic development
Inmune cell differentation

42
Q

Vitamin A is used as treatment for which conditions

A
  • Measles
  • Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
  • Severe cistic acne
43
Q

Deficiency of VitA can cause

A

Night blindness + Keratomalacia + Inmunosupression

44
Q

Hypervitaminosis A is characterized by

A

Double vision, vertigo, alopecia and pseudotumor cerebri

45
Q

Vitamin D is essentially

A

A Regulation Hormone in Ca+ metabolism

46
Q

Is the only vitamin that ______________

A

Can be synthetized in the skin

47
Q

Activated Vitamin D is known as

A

1-25-OH-Cholecalciferol

48
Q

Storage Vitamin D is known as ________ and is storaged in _________

A

25-OH-Cholecalciferol / Liver

49
Q

Which Hormone activates Vit D? Where?

A

PTH in the Kidneys

50
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D can cause

A

Ricketts in children (genu varum)
Osteomalacia in adults (bone/muscle weakness)

51
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Antioxidant = Protection of erythrocytes and Nerve cells

52
Q

Deficiency of Tocopherol can cause

A

Hemolytic anemia and Neurodegeneration (Deficiency of Vitamin E is very rare)

53
Q

Vitamin K serves as cofactor in

A

Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamic acids residues in factors II, VII, IX, X and Protein C/S

54
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin K can cause

A

-Neonatal hemorrhage
-Propencity for bleeding

55
Q

How does Vitamin K is produced?

A

Bacterial production in the intestine

56
Q

Why does the newborn need Vitamin K prophylaxis?

A

Because Vit K is produced by Bacterias in the Colon. Newborns doesn’t have bacterial flora yet

USMLE BIOCHEMISTRY (17 decks)

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