vitale 9

Question 1

what is the border that defines the thoracic passage of the diaphragm?

Answer 1

the border between the thoracic descending aorta and the abdominal descending aorta

Question 2

is the diaphragmatic aortic passage posterior or anterior to the esophageal diaphragmatic passage?

Answer 2

posterior to the passage of the esophagus into the diaphragm.

Question 3

what is the portion of the diaphragm in which we have the passage of the inferior vena cava?

Answer 3

the frenic center
->tendinous in nature as well

Question 4

in terms of vertebrae, which are the level of the esophageal passage and of the aortic passage in the diaphragm?

Answer 4

the esophagus=at T10
the descending thoracic aorta=at T12
aorta passes posteriorly
(before it was on the left of the esophagus)

Question 5

what’s the name of the angle between the fundus of the stomach and the esophagus?

Answer 5

angle of HIS

Question 6

how many intercostal muscles do we have for each intercostal space?

Answer 6

2, one internal and one external

Question 7

external intercostal muscles are expiratory or inspiratory?

Answer 7

inspiratory, raise the ribs
while internal are expiratory

Question 8

what vascularizes the diaphragm superiorly and inferiorly?

Answer 8

superior phrenic arteries and inferior phrenic arteries

Question 9

origin of the internal thoracic arteries

Answer 9

subclavian artery
both the left and the right internal thoracic artery go internally in the rib cage at both sides of the sternum

Question 10

the posterior intercostal arteries are branches of?

Answer 10

the thoracic aorta

Question 11

the anterior intercostal arteries are branches of?

Answer 11

internal thoracic arteries

Question 12

intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 12

formed by intercostal arteries (anastomosis of anterior and posterior intercostal arteries), intercostal veins and intercostal nerves.
lie in the middle of the two intercostal muscular layers

Question 13

the two internal thoracic arteries terminate with 2 terminal branches:

Answer 13

1. muscolofrenic artery, which contributes to the vascularization of the diaphgram
2. superior epigastric artery, which anastomosis with inferior epigastric artery

Question 14

which is the vein that collects the venous blood from the intercostal spaces on the right side?

Answer 14

the azygous vein
originates from the lumbar veins and it runs deep on the right side of the thoracic vertebral bodies

Question 15

on the left side we have 2 veins that drain the venous blood for intercostal spaces and then bring it to the azygous vein

Answer 15

1. proper hemiazygous vein, which drains the blood from the inferior intercostal spaces
2. accessory hemiazygous vein which drains the blood from the superior intercostal spaces
   both end up to drain the blood into the azygous vein on the right side.

Question 16

where is the brachial plexus located?

Answer 16

in the axilla. in the pyramidal gap between the lateral thoracic wall and upper limb.

Question 17

which is the muscle that passes anterior to the axillary artery?

Answer 17

pectoralis major

Question 18

main branches of the axillary artery

Answer 18

humeral circumflex artery
(anterior and posterior, make a ring around the neck of the humerus anastomosing)
subscapular
lateral thoracic artery
thoraco acromial artery
(ant, branches: clavicular, pectoralis-post branches: acromial, deltoid)
superior thoracic artery

Question 19

when does the axillary artery becomes brachial?

Answer 19

when it passes below the inferior border of the teres major

Question 20

the axillary artery goes from where to where in terms of borders?

Answer 20

from the external border of the first rib to the inferior border of the teres major

Question 21

while traveling to the elbow, the brachial artery gives off:

Answer 21

superior and inferior ulnar collateral and anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent
these arteries make a sort of deep arterial arching around the elbow

Question 22

the brachial artery at the elbow gives off its 2 terminal branches

Answer 22

radial artery (lateral)
ulnar artery (medial)
they travel between the superficial and deep layer of the forearm muscles and have several branches for these muscles

Question 23

what is the tabacchiera anatomica?

Answer 23

a little fossa in between the extensor policis longus and the extensor policis brevis