vitale 5

Question 1

eustachian valve

Answer 1

it is not a valve, it doesn’t open and close
it is generated by the endocardium that folds around the opening of the inferior vena cava into the right atrium
it is present in fetal life and persists in adult life

Question 2

function of the eustachian valve/fold in fetal life

Answer 2

oxygenated blood in fetal life goes into the right atrium thanks to the inferior vena cava. then it is supposed to go into the left atrium thanks to the passage inside the foramen secundum. The Eustachian fold is like an indicator: it directs blood into the foramen secundum to allow it to go inside the left atrium. In adult life we don’t have the foramen secundum open and we don’t need that function, so the endocardial fold has no function.

Question 3

embolus

Answer 3

when a piece of the thrombus detaches and starts going into the venus system

Question 4

why do thrombus take place more likely in the legs?

Answer 4

slower blood flow due to gravity
low pressure

Question 5

thebesian valve

Answer 5

at the opening of the coronary sinus
to prevent venous blood to go from the right atrium to other cavities

Question 6

koch’s triangle

Answer 6

-it has a triangular shape
-its base corresponds to the opening of the coronary sinus into the right atrium
-its apex corresponds
to the point in which the medial prolongation of the eustachian valve (Todaro’s tendon) converges with the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
-lateral boundary: septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
its apex represent the center of the base of the heart–>the atrioventricular node

Question 7

3 leaflets of the tricuspid valve

Answer 7

anterior, posterior and septal cusp/leaflet

Question 8

atrioventricular valves close passively during the systolic phase. why?

Answer 8

because during the systolic phase the pressure inside the ventricles overcome the one in the atria and the valve close mechanically

Question 9

in which side do the leaflets of the valves (both atrioventricular valves) have to stay?

Answer 9

in the ventricular side

Question 10

chordae tendinae

Answer 10

the margin of each leaflet (for both tricuspid and bicuspid) is attached to these tendinous structures that keep them into the ventricular side
on the other side the tendinous cords converge on the papillary muscles

Question 11

trabeculae

Answer 11

the ventricular surface is irregular and contains myocardial muscle fibers called trabeculae
1st order: completely attached to the surface
2nd order: attached to the surface only by its extremities
3rd order: only one extremity is attached to the surface the other one floats into the ventricular cavity

Question 12

how many 3rd order trabeculae (papillary muscles) do we have in each ventricle?

Answer 12

RIGHT VENTRICLE:3
LEFT VENTRICLE:2

Question 13

what is the first thing that gets activated during the beginning of the systolic phase?

Answer 13

papillary muscles, that tense the chordae tendinae before the closure of the valve to avoid
1. reversion of the valve into the atrium
2. foldings of one of the leaflets and as a consequence a non correct closure of the valve

Question 14

septomarginal trabecula

Answer 14

from the interventricular septum to the base of the papillary muscles in the right ventricle.
shortcut of the conduction system to activate first the papillary muscles and then the rest of the ventricle

Question 15

efflux cone of right ventricle

Answer 15

part of the right ventricle that goes towards the beginning of the pulmonary artery.
the only smooth part of the right ventricle to avoid any friction with the blood.

Question 16

what is the force that fulfills of blood the ventricle from the corresponding atria in the diastolic phase? and that closes the semilunar valves opening the atrioventricular ones?

Answer 16

the negative pressure generated thanks to the relaxation of the ventricular wall

Question 17

the accompanying contraction is the contraction of what?

Answer 17

of the atrial wall

Question 18

fibrillation

Answer 18

very quick sequence of contraction that don’t produce any mechanical effect–>the chambers of the heart don’t reduce in volume

ventricular fibrillation->deadly, no blood is pumped
atrial fibrillation->not deadly, but with high chance of blood clots in the atria

Question 19

which ventricle is stronger and has a thicker wall?

Answer 19

left ventricle

Question 20

efflux cone in the left ventricle

Answer 20

posteriorly is formed by the posterior leaflet of the mitralic valve that, during the diastolic phase, is open.
when the valve is open it occupies completely the efflux cone–>no blood flow
during the systolic phase the valve is close and so the efflux cone can work–>blood flow
the left ventricle’s efflux cone is made of a dynamic portion posteriorly (posterior leaflet of the mitralic), medially by the interventriuclar septa and anteriorly by heart tissue (anterior aspect of ventricles)

Question 21

the interventricular septum is part of which ventricle?

Answer 21

left ventricle