vitale 3

Question 1

where is positioned the apex of the heart in terms of intercostal spaces?

Answer 1

in the 4th or 5th intercostal space on the left side

Question 2

where is the angle of Louis in terms of ribs?

Answer 2

is at the level of the second rib. we can use it as a reference point to count the intercostal spaces and to find the apex of the heart to put the stethoscope

Question 3

parts of the diaphragm muscular in nature

Answer 3

right dome and left dome

Question 4

part of the diaphragm tendinous in nature

Answer 4

central part, where the pericardium attaches through the frenopericardic ligament

Question 5

what happens to the diaphragm when we inspire?

Answer 5

it flattens downward (moves a bit downward) same for the lungs and the pleurae

Question 6

what happens to the domes of the diaphragm during expiration?

Answer 6

they go up and also the central portion (despite it being tendinous) moves upward

Question 7

how does the heart move during expiration?

Answer 7

it moves upward, becoming more horizontal

Question 8

how does the heart move during inspiration?

Answer 8

it moves downward becoming more vertical

Question 9

at which level in the heart we find the reflection point?

Answer 9

at the level of the origin of the great vessels.
the origin of the aorta, the terminal portion of the superior vena cava and the origin of the pulmonary trunk are covered by the pericardium

Question 10

what’s the name of the medial aspect of each lung?

Answer 10

mediastinic aspect
in the pleura–>mediastinic pleura

Question 11

position of right and left frenic nerves

Answer 11

from the neck snd descend down between the mediastinic pleura and the pericardium, reaching the diaphragm
the nervous stimulus for inspiration/expiration is brought to the diaphragm by the frenic nerves

Question 12

the inferior vena cava

Answer 12

comes from the abdomen, pass through the tendinous portion of the diaphragm and enters in the inferior part of the right atrium.

Question 13

why both the superior and the inferior vena cava enter into the right atrium?

Answer 13

because they have to bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper and lower body

Question 14

where is the thymus?

Answer 14

in the anterior superior mediastinum

Question 15

what does a dilatation of the left ventricle indicate?

Answer 15

cardiac insufficiency

Question 16

what’s the consequence of accumulation of fluid in between the two pericardial layers?

Answer 16

the heart doesn’t beat properly, there is compression of the heart

Question 17

where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcates? in what?

Answer 17

below the arch of the aorta into right and left pulmonary artery

Question 18

pulmonary veins

Answer 18

4 of them, a pair from each lung
-enter the left atrium and are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood

Question 19

origin of the coronary arteries

Answer 19

from the aorta

Question 20

in which side we have the tricuspid valve?

Answer 20

right side

Question 21

in which side we have the bicuspid/mitralic valve?

Answer 21

left side

Question 22

name of the groove where coronary vessels are accommodated

Answer 22

coronary groove

Question 23

what’s the anatomical name of the first cm of the aorta?

Answer 23

ascending aorta

Question 24

what are the branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 24

left and right coronary arteries

Question 25

interventricular groove

Answer 25

separates the two ventricles

Question 26

major posterior branch of the right coronary artery

Answer 26

posterior interventricular artery
branches in the position in which the coronary groove crosses the interventricular groove

Question 27

branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 27

posteriorly, circumflex artery
anteriorly, interventricular artery

Question 28

anterior interventricular artery is a branch of?

Answer 28

left coronary artery

Question 29

the posterior interventricular artery is the terminal branch of?

Answer 29

the right coronary artery

Question 30

what is the common name for the posterior and the anterior interventricular arteries?

Answer 30

descending arteries
PDA posterior descending arteries
LAD left anterior descending

Question 31

right prevalence

Answer 31

in 70% of individuals the PDA is a branch of the right coronary artery

Question 32

left prevalence

Answer 32

in 30% of individuals the PDA is a branch of the circumflex artery and so a branch of the left coronary artery

Question 33

atrial branches of the right coronary artery

Answer 33

atrioventricular artery
–>vascularizes the atrioventricular node
sinoatrial artery
–>vascularizes the sinoatrial node

Question 34

where is the sinoatrial node?

Answer 34

in the wall of the right atrium close to the entrance of the superior vena cava

Question 35

septal vascularization

Answer 35

anterior portion (2/3)
->vascularized by branches of the LAD
posterior portion (1/3)
->vascularized by branches of the PDA