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vitale > vitale 2 > Flashcards

vitale 2 Flashcards

1
Q

adjustments of cardiovascular system

A

istantaneous modifications of the cardiovascular system that are quick to appear and disappear

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2
Q

adaptations of cardiovascular system

A

modifications of the cardiovascular system to fulfill some requirements of the body that are still temporary but NOT so quick in the appearance or disappearance.

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3
Q

Q= amount of blood pumped by the heart into vessels in one minute, what’s the formula?

A

stroke volume (amount of blood pumped into vessels in a single systolic event) times the cardiac frequency (how many systolic events-strokes- happen in one minute)

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4
Q

the ortho sympathetic innervation of the cardiac plexus is responsible for?

A

an increase in heart frequency

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5
Q

the parasympathetic innervation of the cardiac plexus is responsible for

A

a decrease in heart frequency

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6
Q

hypertension

A

Occurs when the peripheral resistance of the vascular system increases. to pump blood to a resistant system the heart needs to increase the pressure.

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7
Q

histology of the heart wall

A

from the most external to the most internal layer
1. epicardium–>visceral layer of the pericardium
2. myocardium–>layer of cardiac muscles, bulk of the heart
3.layer of connective tissue
4. endocardium–>epithelial cells that lie the heart cavities

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8
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

-striated
-smaller than skeletal muscle cells
-they branch
-connected by intercalated discs (one intercalated disc is a bridge between two cardiomyocites

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9
Q

intercalated discs, functions:

A

-mechanical function: they keep together all the cardiomyocites allowing the heart to contract as a whole avoiding the detachment of some cardiomyocytes during the systolic phase
-they allow the stimulus of heart contraction to pass to all the cardiomyocytes
intercalated discs have desmosomes (that keep the cells together in a solid way) and gap junctions (that allow the passage of ions with low resistance
–>helping the passage of the stimulus to all the cardiac muscle cells)

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10
Q

our body has 2 cavities

A

thorax and abdominal pelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm

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11
Q

mediastinum

A

area between the two lungs

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12
Q

lateral limits of the mediastinum are given by?

A

the middle aspects of the two lungs (mediastinic aspects)

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13
Q

anterior limit of the mediastinum

A

sternum

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14
Q

posterior wall of the mediastinum

A

anterior aspects of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

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15
Q

floor of the mediastinum

A

the superior aspect of the diaphragm

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16
Q

does the mediastinum have a roof?

A

no, there is no roof. the spaces between the fasciae in the neck communicate with the mediastinum

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17
Q

what is the border between the root of the neck and the entrance of the thorax

A

an arbitrary line that passes from the first thoracic vertebra to the jugular notch (that defines the manubrium in the sternum)

18
Q

the mediastinum can be divided in 2 compartments

A

upper mediastinum
lower mediastinum

19
Q

lower mediastinum

A

-much larger
divided into
anterior compartment–>the largest, contains the heart
posterior compartment–>very narrow, defined anteriorly by the posterior border of the heart and posteriorly by the vertebrae

20
Q

angle of Louis

A

the angle between the manubrium (almost oblique) and the body of the sternum

21
Q

what is the arbitrary line that divides the upper from the lower mediastinum?

A

the line goes horizontally from the angle of Louis to the disc between T4 and T5

22
Q

where is the heart contained? in which mediastinum?

A

lower anterior mediastinum

23
Q

where does the aorta originate?

A

left ventricle

24
Q

what is contained in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

A

the esophagus and the aorta (the arch of the aorta makes it possible for the aorta to occupy the posterior inferior mediastinum)

25
Q

name of the serous envelope of the heart

A

pericardium

26
Q

what is the common principle between the pericardium, the peritoneum and the pleurae?

A

every serous envelope is double layered and the two layers are continuous with each other in a point called reflection area

27
Q

what’s also called the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

epicardium, most external layer of the heart that covers the myocardium

28
Q

the pericardium has 2 layers

A

visceral layer (epicardium)–>very thin, made of mesothelial cells that produce pericardial fluid that allows the heart to move without friction
parietal layer–>much thicker, attached to other anatomical structures by ligaments that keeps the heart in place

29
Q

pericarditis

A

the inflamed part of the epicardium won’t produce pericardial fluid and will form a scar between the two layers. this will create friction between the two layers and cardiologists when ausculting will hear pathological heart sounds due to friction

30
Q

name of the ligament between the parietal layer of the pericardium and the fibrous center of the diaphragm

A

frenopericardic ligament

31
Q

embryonic origin of the parietal and visceral layer of the pericardium

A

they come from two different portions of the mesoderm: that’s why they are continuous but have different histological characteristics

32
Q

1/3 of the heart lays on..?

A

the right

33
Q

2/3 of the heart lays on..?

A

the left

34
Q

which type of blood is contained in the right atrium and right ventricle? and in left atrium and left ventricle?

A

venus blood–>right atrium and right ventricle
arterial (oxygenated blood)–>left atrium left ventricle

35
Q

anterior aspect of the heart is also called? and comprehends which cavities?

A

1.sternocostal aspect of the heart
2. right atrium and right ventricle

36
Q

what’s the thickest portion of the heart?

A

left ventricle

37
Q

what’s the global shape of the heart?

A

the heart is a cone
apex–>downward anteriorly and to the left
base–>posteriorly, upward and to the right–>from the base originate most of the great vessels

38
Q

origin of the pulmonary artery

A

right ventricle

39
Q

origin of the aorta

A

left ventricle

40
Q

origin of the superior vena cava

A

base of the heart
the inferior vena cava is the only vessel out of the 4 great vessels that doesn’t originate from the base of the heart

vitale (9 decks)

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