vitale 2

Question 1

adjustments of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

istantaneous modifications of the cardiovascular system that are quick to appear and disappear

Question 2

adaptations of cardiovascular system

Answer 2

modifications of the cardiovascular system to fulfill some requirements of the body that are still temporary but NOT so quick in the appearance or disappearance.

Question 3

Q= amount of blood pumped by the heart into vessels in one minute, what’s the formula?

Answer 3

stroke volume (amount of blood pumped into vessels in a single systolic event) times the cardiac frequency (how many systolic events-strokes- happen in one minute)

Question 4

the ortho sympathetic innervation of the cardiac plexus is responsible for?

Answer 4

an increase in heart frequency

Question 5

the parasympathetic innervation of the cardiac plexus is responsible for

Answer 5

a decrease in heart frequency

Question 6

hypertension

Answer 6

Occurs when the peripheral resistance of the vascular system increases. to pump blood to a resistant system the heart needs to increase the pressure.

Question 7

histology of the heart wall

Answer 7

from the most external to the most internal layer
1. epicardium–>visceral layer of the pericardium
2. myocardium–>layer of cardiac muscles, bulk of the heart
3.layer of connective tissue
4. endocardium–>epithelial cells that lie the heart cavities

Question 8

cardiomyocytes

Answer 8

-striated
-smaller than skeletal muscle cells
-they branch
-connected by intercalated discs (one intercalated disc is a bridge between two cardiomyocites

Question 9

intercalated discs, functions:

Answer 9

-mechanical function: they keep together all the cardiomyocites allowing the heart to contract as a whole avoiding the detachment of some cardiomyocytes during the systolic phase
-they allow the stimulus of heart contraction to pass to all the cardiomyocytes
intercalated discs have desmosomes (that keep the cells together in a solid way) and gap junctions (that allow the passage of ions with low resistance
–>helping the passage of the stimulus to all the cardiac muscle cells)

Question 10

our body has 2 cavities

Answer 10

thorax and abdominal pelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm

Question 11

mediastinum

Answer 11

area between the two lungs

Question 12

lateral limits of the mediastinum are given by?

Answer 12

the middle aspects of the two lungs (mediastinic aspects)

Question 13

anterior limit of the mediastinum

Answer 13

sternum

Question 14

posterior wall of the mediastinum

Answer 14

anterior aspects of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

Question 15

floor of the mediastinum

Answer 15

the superior aspect of the diaphragm

Question 16

does the mediastinum have a roof?

Answer 16

no, there is no roof. the spaces between the fasciae in the neck communicate with the mediastinum

Question 17

what is the border between the root of the neck and the entrance of the thorax

Answer 17

an arbitrary line that passes from the first thoracic vertebra to the jugular notch (that defines the manubrium in the sternum)

Question 18

the mediastinum can be divided in 2 compartments

Answer 18

upper mediastinum
lower mediastinum

Question 19

lower mediastinum

Answer 19

-much larger
divided into
anterior compartment–>the largest, contains the heart
posterior compartment–>very narrow, defined anteriorly by the posterior border of the heart and posteriorly by the vertebrae

Question 20

angle of Louis

Answer 20

the angle between the manubrium (almost oblique) and the body of the sternum

Question 21

what is the arbitrary line that divides the upper from the lower mediastinum?

Answer 21

the line goes horizontally from the angle of Louis to the disc between T4 and T5

Question 22

where is the heart contained? in which mediastinum?

Answer 22

lower anterior mediastinum

Question 23

where does the aorta originate?

Answer 23

left ventricle

Question 24

what is contained in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 24

the esophagus and the aorta (the arch of the aorta makes it possible for the aorta to occupy the posterior inferior mediastinum)

Question 25

name of the serous envelope of the heart

Answer 25

pericardium

Question 26

what is the common principle between the pericardium, the peritoneum and the pleurae?

Answer 26

every serous envelope is double layered and the two layers are continuous with each other in a point called reflection area

Question 27

what's also called the visceral layer of the pericardium?

Answer 27

epicardium, most external layer of the heart that covers the myocardium

Question 28

the pericardium has 2 layers

Answer 28

visceral layer (epicardium)-->very thin, made of mesothelial cells that produce pericardial fluid that allows the heart to move without friction parietal layer-->much thicker, attached to other anatomical structures by ligaments that keeps the heart in place

Question 29

pericarditis

Answer 29

the inflamed part of the epicardium won't produce pericardial fluid and will form a scar between the two layers. this will create friction between the two layers and cardiologists when ausculting will hear pathological heart sounds due to friction

Question 30

name of the ligament between the parietal layer of the pericardium and the fibrous center of the diaphragm

Answer 30

frenopericardic ligament

Question 31

embryonic origin of the parietal and visceral layer of the pericardium

Answer 31

they come from two different portions of the mesoderm: that's why they are continuous but have different histological characteristics

Question 32

1/3 of the heart lays on..?

Answer 32

the right

Question 33

2/3 of the heart lays on..?

Answer 33

the left

Question 34

which type of blood is contained in the right atrium and right ventricle? and in left atrium and left ventricle?

Answer 34

venus blood-->right atrium and right ventricle arterial (oxygenated blood)-->left atrium left ventricle

Question 35

anterior aspect of the heart is also called? and comprehends which cavities?

Answer 35

1.sternocostal aspect of the heart 2. right atrium and right ventricle

Question 36

what's the thickest portion of the heart?

Answer 36

left ventricle

Question 37

what's the global shape of the heart?

Answer 37

the heart is a cone apex-->downward anteriorly and to the left base-->posteriorly, upward and to the right-->from the base originate most of the great vessels

Question 38

origin of the pulmonary artery

Answer 38

right ventricle

Question 39

origin of the aorta

Answer 39

left ventricle

Question 40

origin of the superior vena cava

Answer 40

base of the heart the inferior vena cava is the only vessel out of the 4 great vessels that doesn't originate from the base of the heart