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Opthamology > Visual loss > Flashcards

Visual loss Flashcards

1
Q

what are causes of sudden visual loss

A

vascular, retinal detachment and age related macular degeneration

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2
Q

what is the main artery of the eye

A

ophthalmic

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3
Q

what are the 2 main branches that come off of the ophthalmic artery

A

central retinal artery, posterior ciliary artery

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4
Q

what are vascular causes of sudden visual loss

A

occlusion of retinal artery and vein, optic nerve head circulation

haemorrhage from abnormal blood vessels and retinal tear

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5
Q

what symptoms do you get with central retinal artery occlusion

A

sudden visual loss, counting fingers or less, painless

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6
Q

what would the fundoscopy of th eye look like in a retinal artery occlusion

A

pale, oedematous retina with thread like retinal vessels

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7
Q

is central retinal artery occlusion a type of a stroke?

A

yes it is!

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8
Q

how would you manage a central retinal artery occlusion if it presents within 24 hours

A

ocular massage- push emboli down to a branch as opposed to a main artery

establish source of emboli- carotid doppler and assess ask factors

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9
Q

what is amaurosis fugax

A

transient- blindness lasts 5 mins

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10
Q

what should you do if a patient presents with transient painless visual loss- refer to TIA clinic

A

refer to TIA clinic and give them aspirin

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11
Q

what is virchows triad

A

atherosclerosis, hypertension and hyperviscosity

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12
Q

what are causes of CRVO

A

virchows triad and raised intra ocular pressure

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13
Q

what are symptoms and signs of CRVO

A

sudden visual loss, retinal haemorrhages, dilated tortuous veins and disc swelling and macular swelling

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14
Q

what new treatment has been used in CRVO

A

Anti vascular epithelial growth factor- prevent growth of new blood vessels

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15
Q

what is ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation

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16
Q

what arteries get occluded in ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

posterior ciliary arteries

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

arteritic- inflammation and non-arteritic atherosclerosis

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18
Q

what is the main cause of arteritic ION

A

giant cell arteritis

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19
Q

what would the optic disk look like in ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

pale, swollen disc

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20
Q

what are visual symptoms of Giant cell arteritis

A

sudden visual loss, profound (counting fingers ect) and IRREVERSIBLE BLINDNESS

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21
Q

what are extra ocular symptoms of GCA

A

headache, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, tender/ enlarged arteries

22
Q

why is it important to recognise temporal arteritis early

A

to prevent blindness in the other eye

23
Q

what drug may help prevent blindness in other eye of GCA

A

steroids

24
Q

where does a haemorrhage most commonly occur

A

vitreous cavity

25
Q

what is normally associated with bleeding from normal retinal vessels

A

retinal tear

26
Q

what is associated with bleeding from abnormal vessels

A

retinal ischaemia and new vessel formation

27
Q

what are sings and symptoms of a vitreous haemorrhage

A

loss of vision and floaters, loss of red reflex

28
Q

how do you treat a non resolving vitreous haemorrhage

A

vitrectomy

29
Q

what symptoms are associated with retinal detachment

A

painless loss of vision, sudden flashes, floaters

30
Q

how do you normally manage a retinal detachment

A

surgical excision?

31
Q

if there is a defect at bottom of retina, what will happen to the image we see?

A

it will be defective in TOP part

32
Q

what is the commonest cause of blindness in western world over 65

A

age related macular degeneration

33
Q

what is the difference between dry and wet AGMD

A 
dry= gradual reduction 
wet= sudden reduction
34
Q

what happens in wet ARMD

A

new blood vessels grow under retina- leakage causes build up of fluid and blood causing scarring

35
Q

can you get distortion in wet ARMD

A

yes- metamorphoPSIA

36
Q

what is a sign of wet ARMD

A

haemorrhage or exudate

37
Q

how do you treat wet ARMD

A

Anti VEGF treatment

38
Q

what is associated with gradual visual loss

A

bilateral, asymmetrical, reduced visual acuity

39
Q

what does CARDIGAN stand for as the pneumonic for gradual visual loss

A 
cataract
ARMD
refractive error
diabetic retinopathy
Inherited diseases
glaucoma
access to eye clinic= Non urgent
40
Q

what is the management of a cataract

A

surgical removal with intraocular lens implant

41
Q

what is a cataract

A

clouding of the lens due to congenital, age related, traumatic, diabetes, drug induced

42
Q

what is dry ARMD

A

gradual decline in vision

43
Q

what is a scotoma

A

blind spot

44
Q

what are signs of dry ARMD

A

drusen, atrophic patches of retina

45
Q

what is the treatment of dry aRMD

A

magnifying aods only- no cure

46
Q

what is refractive error

A

eye cannot focus on image clearly

47
Q

what is glaucoma

A

progressive degeneration of eye due to increased ocular pressure

48
Q

what is the angle glaucoma

A

angle between cornea and iris

49
Q

what does glaucoma result in

A

optic nerve damage

50
Q

how do you treat glaucoma

A

lower IOP with eye drops/ medication to preventblindness

51
Q

how does one preset with closed- angle glaucoma

A

painful, red eye, nausea, headache

52
Q

what are sings in open angled glaucoma

A

cupped disk, visual field defect, high IOP, usually no symptoms

Opthamology (13 decks)

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