Pharmacology

Question 1

what do topical administrations require

Answer 1

corneal penetration

Question 2

is the corneal epithelium lipophilic or lipophobic

Answer 2

lipophilic

Question 3

is the storm lipophilic or lipophobic

Answer 3

lipophobic (remember the sandwich)

Question 4

do lipid soluble drugs penetrate epithelium

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

do water soluble drugs penetrate epithelium?

Answer 5

nooo

Question 6

why is chloramphenicol special in terns of penetrating the cornea

Answer 6

it is both lipophilic and hydrophilic

Question 7

what must topical steroids be to enter cornea

Answer 7

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Question 8

what does alcohol do to steroids

Answer 8

make it more hydrophobic

Question 9

what does phosphate do to steroids

Answer 9

makes it more hydrophilic

Question 10

so is prednisolone acetate more hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 10

hydrophobic

Question 11

when’s prednisolone acetate used

Answer 11

in post op

Question 12

does prednisolone acetate have good penetration of uninflamed cornea?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

what property does prednisolone phosphate have

Answer 13

hydrophilic

Question 14

when is prednisolone phosphate used

Answer 14

corneal disease or when low dose steroids needed

Question 15

what drug is used as a corneal penetration enhancement

Answer 15

benzalkonium

Question 16

what is Bimatropost used to treat

Answer 16

intra ocular pressure in glaucoma

Question 17

how do you limit systemic absorption of steroids

Answer 17

close your eyes at the tear duct

Question 18

when would you use subconjunctival administration

Answer 18

glaucoma in steroids or antibiotics with low hydrophobicism

Question 19

what drug is mainly used to treat infections

Answer 19

chloramphenicol

Question 20

when is aciclovir used

Answer 20

to treat dendritic ulcers of cornea

Question 21

what is mainly used to treat inflammation of the eye

Answer 21

dexamethasone and Predsol- N (prednisolone?)

Question 22

when are steroids typically used

Answer 22

post op cataracts, uveitis, prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 23

what does iritis look like when a slit lamp is shone on it

Answer 23

lots of white dots

Question 24

Should you give steroids in a sore eye

Answer 24

noooooo

Question 25

should you give steroids in temporal arteritits

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what do patients with temporal arteritis complain of

Answer 26

jaw pain and headaches

Question 27

what are local side effects of steroids

Answer 27

cataracts, glaucoma, viral infection

Question 28

what are systemic affects of steroids

Answer 28

gastric ulceration, immunosuppression, osteoporosis, diabetes and weight gain

Question 29

when should NSAIDS be used

Answer 29

after refractive laser surgery

Question 30

what is glaucoma

Answer 30

a group of diseases characterised by progressive optic neuropathy caused by raised intra ocular pressure

Question 31

Glaucoma progresses fast, true or false

Answer 31

false- it progresses slwoly

Question 32

is glaucoma reversible

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what is th gold standard medication in glaucoma

Answer 33

Prostanoids- Latanoprost

Question 34

what do beta blockers do in the eye

Answer 34

block ciliary body

Question 35

what do alpha agonists do

Answer 35

increase outflow of pressure- Brimodine

Question 36

what does pilocarpine/ parasymathomimetic do

Answer 36

pulls the iris in tight

Question 37

when is intravitreal administration used

Answer 37

administering antibiotics in endophthamitis

Question 38

what usually causes endophthalmitis

Answer 38

in surgery, endogenous

Question 39

what is also delivered through intravitreal administration

Answer 39

anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF)

Question 40

what does local anaesthetic do pharmacologically

Answer 40

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 41

when is local anaesthetic used

Answer 41

foreign body removal, tonometry (IOP measurement), corneal scraping and comfort

Question 42

what is the most common dye used for diagnoses

Answer 42

flourescein

Question 43

what does using fluorescein show

Answer 43

corneal abrasion

Question 44

what is fluorescein dye used for

Answer 44

identifying corneal abrasions, angiography, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and tonometry

Question 45

what do mydriatics do to the pupil

Answer 45

dilate them

Question 46

how do mydriatics work

Answer 46

block parasympathetic supply to iris

Question 47

what are side effects of mydriatics

Answer 47

blurring, acute glaucoma (v v rare)

Question 48

what do sympathomimetics do q

Answer 48

act on sympathetic system, causing pupils to dilate

Question 49

do sympathomimetics affect the ciliary muscle

Answer 49

no

Question 50

give an example of sympathomimetics

Answer 50

atropine or phenylephrine

Question 51

can steroids cause cataracts

Answer 51

YES

Question 52

what is used to treat maculopathy

Answer 52

hydroxycholorquine

Question 53

what is used to treat optic neuropathy

Answer 53

ethambutanol