Pharmacology Flashcards
what do topical administrations require
corneal penetration
is the corneal epithelium lipophilic or lipophobic
lipophilic
is the storm lipophilic or lipophobic
lipophobic (remember the sandwich)
do lipid soluble drugs penetrate epithelium
yes
do water soluble drugs penetrate epithelium?
nooo
why is chloramphenicol special in terns of penetrating the cornea
it is both lipophilic and hydrophilic
what must topical steroids be to enter cornea
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
what does alcohol do to steroids
make it more hydrophobic
what does phosphate do to steroids
makes it more hydrophilic
so is prednisolone acetate more hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
when’s prednisolone acetate used
in post op
does prednisolone acetate have good penetration of uninflamed cornea?
yes
what property does prednisolone phosphate have
hydrophilic
when is prednisolone phosphate used
corneal disease or when low dose steroids needed
what drug is used as a corneal penetration enhancement
benzalkonium
what is Bimatropost used to treat
intra ocular pressure in glaucoma
how do you limit systemic absorption of steroids
close your eyes at the tear duct
when would you use subconjunctival administration
glaucoma in steroids or antibiotics with low hydrophobicism
what drug is mainly used to treat infections
chloramphenicol
when is aciclovir used
to treat dendritic ulcers of cornea
what is mainly used to treat inflammation of the eye
dexamethasone and Predsol- N (prednisolone?)
when are steroids typically used
post op cataracts, uveitis, prevent corneal graft rejection
what does iritis look like when a slit lamp is shone on it
lots of white dots
Should you give steroids in a sore eye
noooooo
should you give steroids in temporal arteritits
yes
what do patients with temporal arteritis complain of
jaw pain and headaches
what are local side effects of steroids
cataracts, glaucoma, viral infection
what are systemic affects of steroids
gastric ulceration, immunosuppression, osteoporosis, diabetes and weight gain
when should NSAIDS be used
after refractive laser surgery
what is glaucoma
a group of diseases characterised by progressive optic neuropathy caused by raised intra ocular pressure
Glaucoma progresses fast, true or false
false- it progresses slwoly
is glaucoma reversible
no
what is th gold standard medication in glaucoma
Prostanoids- Latanoprost
what do beta blockers do in the eye
block ciliary body
what do alpha agonists do
increase outflow of pressure- Brimodine
what does pilocarpine/ parasymathomimetic do
pulls the iris in tight
when is intravitreal administration used
administering antibiotics in endophthamitis
what usually causes endophthalmitis
in surgery, endogenous
what is also delivered through intravitreal administration
anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF)
what does local anaesthetic do pharmacologically
blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction
when is local anaesthetic used
foreign body removal, tonometry (IOP measurement), corneal scraping and comfort
what is the most common dye used for diagnoses
flourescein
what does using fluorescein show
corneal abrasion
what is fluorescein dye used for
identifying corneal abrasions, angiography, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and tonometry
what do mydriatics do to the pupil
dilate them
how do mydriatics work
block parasympathetic supply to iris
what are side effects of mydriatics
blurring, acute glaucoma (v v rare)
what do sympathomimetics do q
act on sympathetic system, causing pupils to dilate
do sympathomimetics affect the ciliary muscle
no
give an example of sympathomimetics
atropine or phenylephrine
can steroids cause cataracts
YES
what is used to treat maculopathy
hydroxycholorquine
what is used to treat optic neuropathy
ethambutanol
