Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what is the difference between a supraorbital notch and a foramen
A
a foramen is a hole whereas a notch is a ācā shaped
2
Q
what foramina do you have above and below the eye
A
supraorbital foramen and infraorbital foramen
3
Q
is the optic canal closer to the medial or lateral side
A
medial
4
Q
what are the frontal and ethmoid bone called close to the bon orbit
A
orbital plate of the ethmoid and frontal bone
5
Q
what makes up the orbital rim
A
Superiorly- frontal bone
Inferiorily maxilla
Medial- ethmoid
lateral-sphenoid
6
Q
what is the apex
A
optic canal
7
Q
how is the orbit protected from āblowsā
A
superior orbital margin and the inferior orbital margin
8
Q
which bones are commonly affected by orbital blowout fractureds
A
ethmoid and maxilla
9
Q
how is the eyeball stay intact
A
it is surrpounded by periorbital fat
10
Q
what feature can be damaged in a blowout fracture
A
infraorbital neurovascular bundle
11
Q
what is th emuscle that surrounds the eye
A
orbicularis oculi
12
Q
what are the 2 parts to the orbicularis oculi muslce
A
orbital- external part and palpebral- inner part
13
Q
what is the superior tendom that holds the eye in place
A
tendon of levator palpebrae superioris
14
Q
what are the longitudinal muscles that run near the palpebral part
A
inferior and superior tarsus
15
Q
what attaches the eye to the nasal bone
A
medial palpebral ligament
16
Q
what attaches the lateral part of eye to sockewt
A
lateral palpebral ligament
17
Q
what is th etarsal gland within
A
tarsal plate
18
Q
what dose th etarsal gland do
A
stop the eyelids sticking together
19
Q
what colour is the cornea
A
clear
20
Q
what does the cornea cover
A
the iris
21
Q
where is the lacrimal gland situated
A
jjust under the outer eyebrow
22
Q
where is the limbus
A
the junction between the cornea and sclera
23
Q
what is the clear covered in
A
conjunctiva
24
Q
what is the conjunctival formix
A
the junction between the conjunctival membrane of eyeball and eyelid
25
what is the black dot present on your bottom eyelid in particular
puncta- drains lacrimal fluid
26
what collects in the lacrimal lake
gunge
27
what is the nerve innervation to the lacrimal gland
CN VII
28
how does the lacrimal fluid drain into the inferior meatus
down through the lacrimal puncta into the nasolacrimal duct
29
what is th epupil
a hole
30
what type of layer is the outer layer of the eye
fibrous
31
what are the 2 parts to the fibrous layer
sclera- muscle attachment and cornea- 2/3 of refractive power- focus light
32
what is the vascular layer of the eye called
uvea
33
what are the 3 parts that make up the uvea
iris- pupil diameter, ciliary body- controls iris, shape of lens, choroid- nutrition and gas exchange
34
what is the inner layer of eye called?
retina (photosensitive)
35
What are the 3 parts of the retina that we have to know about
macula, optic disc and retina
36
where is the anterior segment
infront of the lens
37
what is the anterior segment split into
posterior- iris and suspensory ligaments and anterior chamber- between the cornea and iris. BOTH contain aqueous humour
38
where does the posterior segment lie
behind the lens, 2/3rds of eye
39
what is contained within the posterior segment
vitreous body- vitreous humour, common 'floaters'
40
where is the iridocorneal angle in comparison to the limbus
in the anterior chamber of the eye, whereas limbus is between the sclera and cornea externally
41
how does the aqueous humour get to both anterior and posterior chambers
1- ciliary body secretes aqueous humour
2- aqueous circulates in the posterior chamber- nourishes lens
3- aqueous then passes into anterior chamber though the pupil and nourishes cornea
4- aqueous is reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
42
what is the fundus
posterior area where light is focused
43
what does the funds contain
optic disc, macula and fovea
44
what happens at the optic disc
CN II formation, blind spot as no photoreceptors here
45
What is the macula good for
greatest number of cones- help to see in daylight
46
what is the fovea
centre of the macula- acute vision
47
what happens if there is a disruption to the flow of central artery?
monocular blindness
48
what happens when interruption to retinal artery occurs
loss of an area/ visual field defect
49
where do the retinal arteries and veins lie in relation to the retina
anterior
50
what lies beneath the retina?
ganglion cells and then underneath them are the photoreceptors
51
In the visual pathway, what area MUST switch over att hepatic chiasm
nasal retina
52
what branch does the internal carotid artery give off?
ophthalmic artery
53
what 2 things does the thalamic artery split up into
central artery and ciliary arteries
54
what does the central vein artery lead to/away
only artery/ vein to retina
55
what are the 7 extra ocular muscles
superior, inferior, laterala and medial rectus- all from common tendinous ring, superior oblique and inferior oblique which inserts onto sclera and elevator palpebral superioris
56
what is the acronym to remember the somatic motor innervation of the External ocular muscles
LR6 SO4 AO3
lateral rectus- CN6
superior orbital- CN4
all others CN 3
57
what eyeball movements can the vertical axis do
abduction and adduction
58
what movements bring about the transverse axis
depression and elevation
59
what does the anteroposterior axis di
intorsion/ extorsion
60
what does the superior rectus do
elevate only
61
what does th inferior rectus do
depress only
62
what does the superior oblique do
depress only
63
what does the inferior oblique do
elevate only
64
what does the lateral rectus do
only abduct eyeball
65
what CN leads to lateral rectus
CN VI
66
what CN lead stop superior orblique
CN 4
67
what muscles achieve pure elevation
superior rectus and inferior oblique
68
what muscles achieve pure depression,
superior oblique and inferior rectus
69
if the zygoma was fractured,w which way would the eye move?
medially towards orbit floor
70
what does the suspensory ligament of the eye do
fascial sling that suspends the eye just above the orbit floor
71
what happens when the eye gets lowered to orbital floor due to zygoma fracture?
diplopia (double vision)
72
Again when a fractured zygoma exists, what can happen to infraorbital NVB
infraorbital NVB inside canal can be damaged and result in a loss of general sensory deficit of facial skin
73
What does CN V1 supply
the upeprlid, cornea and conjunctiva, skin/root of nose
74
what does CN V2 supply
lower lid, maxilla, ala of nose and skin/ mucosa of upper lip
75
What does CNV3 supply
skin over mandible and TMJ
76
what is infraorbital nerve a branch of
CN V2
77
what is the afferent sensory supply of the blink reflex
CN V1
78
what are the efferent motor supply
CNV1 and CNVII
79
what gets released in presynaptic sympathetic trunk
acetylcholine
80
what gets released in sympathetic post synaptic ganglion
noradrenaline
81
what happens during sympathetic transmission from brain to organ
travel down spinal cord and exit spinal cord at level T1-L2 then along into the cerival sympathetic ganglia uo to superior ganglion where they synapse. They enter internal and external carotid nerve and pass onto surface with internal nd external carotid arteries.
82
what is the ophthalmic artery a branch of
internal carotid artery
83
what is the stellate ganglion
the inferior cervical and 1st thoracic ganglia
84
where do the cervical ganglions lie
in retropharyngeal space
85
what cranial nerves do parasympathetic axons travel along
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
86
What does the presynaptic and postsynaptic axon release in parasympathetic
acetylcholine both times
87
where is the gmcglion located in parasympathetic axons
in the organ itself
88
where does CN III go to?
eye
89
what is the ganglion called in CN III route
ciliary ganglion in orbit
90
what does CN VII innervate
lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
91
what does CN IX innervate
parotid salivary glands
92
what does the CN X supply
parasympathetic axons to organs of neck/ chest abdomen
93
where do sacral spinal nerves get carried to
hind gut, pelvis, perineum
94
what does CN III innervate
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique, levator palpeerde superiors and presynaptic parasympathetic axons to ciliary ganglion
95
what does the superior branch of CN III innervate
Superior rectus, levator palpeerde superioris
96
what does the inferior branch of CN III innervate
inferior rectus, inferior oblique and medial rectus
97
what innervates lateral rectus muscle
CN VI
98
what supplies the superior oblique
CN IV
99
what do long ciliary nerves form
the first part of the afferent limb of blink reflex
100
what are the cranial nerves involved in the vestibuo- ocular reflex
CN III, IV, VI, VIII
101
what is the oculocardiac reflex
reflex bradycardia in response to tension on extra ocular muscles or pressure on the eye- CN V1 and X
102
what are the 4 sympathetic functions of the eye
open eyes wider, get ore light into eyes, focus on far objects and emotional lacrimation
103
what are the 4 parasympathetic functions
allow orbiculares oculi to work, get less light into eye, focus on near objects and reflex lacrimation
104
what type of muscles makes up elevator palpebral superioris
skeletal and smooth
105
what dilates the pupil
sympathetic activity
106
what is a mydriatic pupuil
non physiologically enlarged pupil
107
what type of drug induces dilation of pupil
mydriatic drugs
108
what is the bicycle spokes like fibres called that surround the external circumference of the iris
dilator pupillae fibres
109
what is th smooth fibres called that surrounds the internal circumference of iris
dilator pupillae fibres
110
what is a 'pinpoint pupil' and example of
opiate drug use- serious pathological sign
111
what do parasympathetics do to the pupil
constrict it
112
what is a non physiologically constricted pupil called
miotic pupil- Horners syndrome
113
what is the light reflex called in the non stimulated eye called?
consensual
114
what is the special sensory ipsilateral afferent limb of reflex called?
optic nerve
115
what is the motor limb in the bilateral eyes reflex called?
CN III
116
what do the ciliary muscles do in far vision
relax
117
what do the ciliary muscles do in short vision
contract
118
what is the accommodation reflex
response to near- combines bilateral pupillary constriction CNIII, bilateral convergence III, bilateral relaxation of lens
119
what are the 3 types of tears
basal, reflex and emotional
120
what are reflex tears
extra tears in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation. Afferent- CN V1, efferent is CN VII
