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Opthamology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

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2
Q

what does keratitis affect

A

cornea

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3
Q

what does endophthalmitis affect?

A

the entire globe

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4
Q

what does cellulitis affect

A

the skin surrounding the eye

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5
Q

in what age group is bacterial conjunctivitis worry

A

neonates

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6
Q

what is the common bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in children

A

staph aureus, neisseria gonorrhoea and chlamydia trachomatis

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7
Q

should you refer neonates who have bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

100% refer to ophthalmology

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8
Q

what are the bacteria that commonly affect all ages in bacterial conjunctivitis

A

staph aureus, strep pneumonia, haemophilias influenzae

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9
Q

what are signs of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

conjunctiva is red and swollen, itchy eyes which may lacrimal. Discharge- sticky

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10
Q

how do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis

A

swab
Chloramphenicol
drops or ointments?

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11
Q

What should you be careful about chloramphenicol

A

if history of plastic anaemia or allergy

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12
Q

what does adenoviral conjunctivitis look like

A

red, irritated eyes, watery discharge and scratch complaint with enlarged lymph nodes- URTI

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13
Q

What causes little white dots to appear in outer corner of lower lid

A

herpes simplex

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14
Q

what nerve can herpes zoster affect

A

trigeminal

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15
Q

what is the hutchinson- Robinson sign

A

spots at end of nose

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16
Q

in what age does chlamydial conjunctivitis occur in

A

young adults

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17
Q

is chlamydial conjunctivitis responsive to treatment?

A

no

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18
Q

In bilateral conjunctivitis what condition should you suspect

A

chlamydial conjunctivitis

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19
Q

what other symptoms are associated with chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

urethritis, vaginitis

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20
Q

what are symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

watery, red eyes, sensitive to light

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21
Q

what would be present on the inside of upper lids in chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

little follicles

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22
Q

what would you find in a bacterial keratitis

A

hypopyon, white layer with round circle

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23
Q

what do you do when someone presents with a white layer at the bottom of their eye

A

urgent eye app to ophthalmologist

24
Q

what factors can cause bacterial keratitis

A

contact lens wear or other patholgies

25
Q

what can cause viral keratitis

A

herpes and adenovirus

26
Q

what would a dendrites ulcer be found in

A

herpetic keratitis- white ulcer outline

27
Q

is herpetic keratitis painful

A

YES

28
Q

what happens in recurrent herpetic keratitis

A

reduced corneal sensation

29
Q

IMPORTANT: what happens if you treat cornea with steroids

A

corneal melt and perforation of cornea

30
Q

How does adenoviral keratitis usually come about

A

after URTI

31
Q

what can you give for adenoviral keratitis

A

topical antibiotic to prevent secondary infection and steroids to speed up recovery

32
Q

what is an important sign in adenoviral keratitis

A

sub epithelial infiltrates

33
Q

what can acanthamoeba cause

A

keratitis due to contact lens

34
Q

fungal keratitis can be caused by which commensal

A

candida and aspergillus

35
Q

which occupations can lead to a diagnosis of fungal keratitis

A

history of trauma from vegetation i.e. woodcutting, metal chipping

36
Q

What are symptoms of orbital cellulitis

A

pain, proptosis, paranasal sinuses, pyrexial and sight threatening

37
Q

how is orbital cellulitis spread

A

through paranasal sinuses

38
Q

how should you manage a patient with orbital cellultitis

A

CT- ENT and ophthalmic opinion. Antibiotics and surgery

39
Q

what are the organisms that can cause orbital cellulitis

A

staph, strep, coliforms, haemophilus influenzae

40
Q

what is endophthalmitis

A

infection on the inside of the eye

41
Q

what is the usual cause for endophthalmitiis

A

post surgery

42
Q

is endophthalmitis painful?

A

YESSSSSS

43
Q

what is th most common commensal for endophthalmitiis

A

staph epidermidis

44
Q

how do you treat endophthalmitis

A

intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics

45
Q

what is chorioretinitis

A

inflammation of the choroid

46
Q

what are the organisms that can cause chorioretinitis

A

CMV in AIDS, toxoplasmosis gondii and toxocara canis

47
Q

how do you get a toxoplasmosis infection?

A

through tick bites

48
Q

who is toxocara canis affected by

A

cats or dogs

49
Q

can toxocara replicate in humans

A

naaah

50
Q

how can toxocara cause blindlness

A

form granulomas which canc cause visual loss

51
Q

what type of investigations are used in eye infections

A

swabs- viral, bacterial and chlamydial (make patient aware).
Corneal scrapes in keratitis
aqueous and vitreous for culture in endophthamitis
microscopy/ culture for acanthamoeba
serology for toxocara and toxoplasma

52
Q

what is the most commonly used topical antibiotic

A

chloramphenicol

53
Q

what are the side effects of chloramphenicol

A

allergy, aplastic anaemia and grey baby syndrome

54
Q

what is acyclovir used for

A

dendritic ulcers of cornea

55
Q

what should be used int he treatment of chlamydial conjunctiviits

A

topical oxytetracycline

56
Q

what combination of antibiotics will treat both gram positive and gram negative organisms

A

gentamicin and cefuroxime

Opthamology (13 decks)

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