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OphthalmologyJaz > Vision loss and blindness > Flashcards

Vision loss and blindness Flashcards

1
Q

causes of sudden vision loss

A 
vascular aetiology (haemorrhage or occlusion)
retinal detachment
wet ARMD
closed angle glaucoma
optic neuritis
CVA
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2
Q

CRAO can be caused by __/ (unusually) __

A

carotid artery disease

emboli unusually

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3
Q

signs and symptoms of CRAO

A 
sudden profound vision loss
painless
RAPD (relative afferent pupil defect)
pale oedematous retina
thread like retinal arteries
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4
Q

treatment of CRAO

A

if present within 24hrs = ocular massage (turn into BRAO)
carotid doppler to find source of emboli
manage risk factors for vascular disease

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5
Q

feature on fundoscopy of BRAO

A

whitening around the branch

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6
Q

transient CRAO aka

signs and symptoms

A

Amaurosis fugax
transient painless “curtain down” vision loss usually around 5 mins long
nothing abnormal on examination

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7
Q

treatment for amaurosis fugax =

A

immediate referral to TIA clinic

aspirin

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8
Q

CRVO can be caused by (4)

A

hbp
atherosclerosis
hyperviscosity (Virchows triad)
raised ICP causing venous stasis

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9
Q

signs and symptoms of CRVO

A

mod-severe sudden vision loss (roughly 6/9)
retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc and macular swelling

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10
Q

treatment of CRVO

A

can use anti-VEGFs
treat underlying cause eg. hbp, ICP
laser Rx to stop neovascularisation haemorrhages

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11
Q

ischaemic optic neuropathy aka

due to ___ occluded

A

occlusion of optic head circulation

Posterior ciliary arteries (PCA)

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12
Q

1st type of ischaemic optic neuropathy (accounts for 50%) =
caused by ___
s+s
treatment

A 
arterititic
GCA
sudden profound irreversible blindness
pale swollen disc
Rx = immediate high dose systemic steroids to prevent other eye going blind
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13
Q

2nd type of ischaemic optic neuropathy (accounts for __%) =
caused by =
s+s =

A

non-arteritic
50%
atherosclerosis
sudden profound vision loss and swollen disc

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14
Q

haemorrhage in the eye is often into the ___

A

vitreous cavity ie vitreous haemorrhage

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15
Q

in eye: bleeding from abnormal vessels is usually due to _____ and from normal usually associated with ___

A 
abnorm = retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation eg. post CRVO/diabetes
norm = retinal detachment
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16
Q

s+s of vitreous haemorrhage

A

loss of vision suddenly
loss of red reflex
“floaters”

17
Q

treatment of non resolving vitreous haemorrhage

A

vitrectomy

18
Q

s+s of retinal detachment

A

painless sudden loss of vision
sudden onset flashes and floaters
maybe RAPD
may see tear on ophthalmoscope

19
Q

Rx of retinal detachment

A

Sx

20
Q

pathophysiology of wet ARMD

A

new vessels grow under retina => leak => fluid and blood build up and eventually cause scarring

21
Q

s+s of wet ARMD

A

rapid central vision loss
metamorphopsia
haemorrhage/exudate on fundoscopy

22
Q

Rx of wet ARMD

A

intra-vitreal anti-VEGF

23
Q

gradual visual loss usually present late if they have

A

visual field loss

24
Q

gradual visual loss usually present early if they have

A

decreased visual acuity

25
Q

causes of gradual visual loss

A 
CARDIGAN
Cataracts
ARMD - dry
Refractive error
Diabetic retinopathy
Inherited eg. retinitis pigmentosa
Glaucoma
Access to eye clinic Non-urgent
26
Q

causes of cataracts (5)

A 
trauma
age
congenital (IU infection)
diabetes
steroids
27
Q

types of cataract (4)

A

nuclear
posterior subcapsular
Christmas tree/polychromatic
congenital

28
Q

most common type of cataract

its feature

A

nuclear

hardened yellow lens nuclei

29
Q

starts as a small cloudy area on post of lens =

A

posterior subcapsular cataract

30
Q

christmas tree/polychromatic cataracts are associated with ___ or they are ___

A

myotonic dystrophy

idiopathic

31
Q

treatment of symptomatic cataracts

A

Sx removal and lens implant

32
Q

s+s of dry ARMD

A

gradual vision loss
central vision missing (scotoma)
Drusen ( waste build up behind retinal pigmented epithelium)
atrophic patches of retina

33
Q

treatment of dry ARMD

A

low vision aids eg. magnifiers

34
Q

presentation of acute closed angle glaucoma

A 
painful red eye /
vision loss /
headache /
nausea /
vomiting
35
Q

s+s of open angle glaucoma

A

usually no sympts

signs = cupped disc, visual field defect, raised IOP possibly

36
Q

Rx for glaucoma

A

decrease IOP by drugs/laser/Sx

OphthalmologyJaz (13 decks)

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