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Psychology > Vision and perception > Flashcards

Vision and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation is receiving sensory information from the environment through senses and translating it into electrical signals whereas perception is the interpretation of the sensory information and the process of assigning it meaning. sensation and perception may have a delay in them

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2
Q

what are the three stages of general neural implementation?

A
  1. sensory organs absorb energy
  2. energy is transduced into a neural signal
  3. neural signal is sent into the brain where processing takes place
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3
Q

what range can humans detect from and which colour has the longest and shortest wavelegnths

A

400-750nm. red has the longest, blue has the shortest

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4
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

focus image onto rods and cones at back of eye. kept alive by liquid in the anterior chamber as no blood vessels go into it

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5
Q

what does the middle part of the eye contain?

A

the choroid and the anterior chamber

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6
Q

what is the function of the choriod and what is it?

A

a layer of blood vessels that gives nutrients to the eye and removes waste from the anterior chamber

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7
Q

what does the inner eye contain?

A

vitrueous humor, iris, pupil, lens and retina

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8
Q

what is the vitreous humor and its function?

A

gives nutrients to everywhere the choroid doesn’t reach. inside the eye behind the lens

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9
Q

what is the structure and function of the iris?

A

muscular pigmented tissue that goes through the anterior chamber to the iris and will expand/contract to allow different levels of light into the pupil. attached to ciliary body

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10
Q

what is the critical period of the lens?

A

during the critical period must keep information flowing through to maintain vision. critical period occurs when first born or after injury.

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11
Q

what is cataracts and how can it be fixed?

A

when lens gets cloudy with age and fixed by removing and replacing with new lens.

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12
Q

what is accommodation?

A

changing shape of the lens for focussing.

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the retina?

A

transduces electrical energy from the lightrays into chemical energy into the optical nerve

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14
Q

what are cones and where are they located?

A

the light sensing colour photoreceptors that are mainly located on the retina in the fovea at the back of the eyeball (7 million)

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15
Q

what are rods and where are they located?

A

no colour and low resolution. starts AFTER the fovea as there are none in it (light doesnt get through straight away). 120 million of them

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16
Q

what is the frontal lobe specialized for?

A

executive planning and execution

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17
Q

what is the parietal lobe mainly for?

A

sensory system processing, spacial and motion awareness, attention and perception of objects

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18
Q

what is the occipital lobe for?

A

VISION and is the only one with only one purpose

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19
Q

what is the temporal lobe for?

A

has a variety of functions including vision, memory and sensory information

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20
Q

what is the consequence of damage to the cortex

A

‘mysterious’ and non-catastrophic damage. contains sulcus (folds) and gyrus (ridges)

21
Q

what does damage to the sub-cortex cause

A

catastrophic and non-mysterious effects

22
Q

what is the pathway of light from the eye into the brain?

A

from the eye through the bipolar retinal ganglion cells into the lateral geniculate nucleus in the subcortex and then into V1 in the occipital lobe

22
Q

where does information go if following the dorsal pathway and what information is recieved?

A

dorsal pathway is into parietal lobe (d-p both curvy letters) and processes WHERE (landmark discrimination)

23
Q

where does information go if it is processed ventrally and what is found?

A

ventrally into the temporal lobe (v/t both spiky letters) and processes WHAT goes on

24
Q

what type of light activates rods and cones?

A

SPOTS of light

25
Q

what type of light activates the retinal ganglion cells?

A

SPOTS also

26
Q

what type of light activates the LGN?

A

still SPOTS OF LIGHT

27
Q

what type of light activates the cells in the LGN?

A

LINES (finally). is spots until this point

28
Q

how does line processing cause vision in the LGN?

A

beyond V1 further along the pathway gets more complicated. different cells respond to different images and patterns of light

29
Q

how does lateral inhibition work?

A

way of increasing contrast between neurons in the retinal ganglion. once a cell is activated it sends inhibitory signals through interneurons which mediate the GABA release (inhibitory neurotransmitter). when light firing it is 16x faster and when dark it is 16x slower

30
Q

why do the intersections of the human grid illusion look darker?

A

because in the line there is more of the receptive field getting lit so more of a positive signal into the brain.

31
Q

symptoms of blindsight and why does it happen?

A

patient DB - localise items he cannot see in damaged visual field due to damage in right primary visual cortex. this happens because there is a secondary pathway that bypasses the LGN and V1 (where the damage is) and goes straight to V5 and the dorsal pathway (where).

32
Q

what is monocular blindness?

A

fully blind in one eye. caused by severing both nerves coming from one eye before the optic chiasm

33
Q

what is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

when both nasal nerves are damaged and do not work. can see normally in functioning visual field but not in the outer field. caussed by severing both nerves on either side of the optic chiasm (contains one from each eye)

34
Q

what causes left/right homonymous hemianopia

A

damage to both of the left/right sides of the eye. one temporal and one nasal side each. damage after the optic chiasm but before LGN

35
Q

what causes left/right homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?

A

any cut between the LGN and visual cortex.

36
Q

what is achromatopsia and how is it caused?

A

colour blindness. caused by V4 damage but shape processing intact. can also be caused by damage to cones

37
Q

what is Akinetopsia

A

damage in V5 means lack of moving vision however can see when stationary

38
Q

what is apperceptive agnosia

A

pocket damage all over V1 causes poor matching and copying aswell as poor object recognition. looks peppery

39
Q

what is dorsal simultagnosia?

A

damage in spacial processing area (parietal) causes inability to recognize more than one item at a time. only recognises one object is there

40
Q

what is ventral simultagnosia

A

similar to dorsal EXCEPT can appreciate there is more than one object but cannot see it. complex perceptual damage past V1 but not far into ventral temporal lobe.

41
Q

what is associative agnosia?

A

can see normally but cannot put together what the object it. slavish copying due to doing it one bit at a time and takes ages. due to higher-order (far along eye channel) damage

42
Q

what makes a cue monocular and name the six of them? (THRILL)

A

texture gradient
height in plane
relative size
interposition
linear perspective
light and shadow
these are all used to see the depth of an image using only one eye

43
Q

what are bottom up theories?

A

the theory that we use current sensory information to build a scene with no previous knowledge and come to a conclusion off that. uses no past referencing. include the ways the visual system is constructed and errors and confusion

44
Q

what are top down studies?

A

using information already known and combining it with current sensory information to create a perception. examples are hypothesis testing, speed of recognition and reading, ambiguous and reversible figures, subjective contours and interactive theories of pattern perception.

45
Q

what are the three binocular cues?

A

retinal disparity, convergence and divergence

46
Q

what is the young-helmholtz theory and what contradicts it

A

three cones, each one is designed to be sensitive to a specific wavelength of light. why does colourbliness occur in colour pairs and why is there colour aftereffects

47
Q

what is the opponent-process theory?

A

retinal ganglion cells have colour pairs in them. yellow ad blue, red and green, black and white

Psychology (10 decks)

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