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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the recall time of sensory memory according to George Sperling?

A

0.3-3 seconds

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2
Q

What physical evidence supports the existence of different memory systems?

A

Medial temporal lobe damage causes LTM damage with intact STM

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3
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Both first and last items are better remembered, with minimum recall in the middle items

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4
Q

What are the primary and recency effects in memory?

A

Primary effect is the better recall of initial items, while recency effect is the better recall of recent items

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5
Q

What is the difference between phonetic and semantic bias in memory?

A

Phonetic bias impairs STM, while semantic bias impacts LTM

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6
Q

What is the working memory proposal by Baddeley and Hitch?

A

Separate “spaces” for different modes of memory, contradicting the unitary model

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7
Q

What is the recall pattern in patients with brain damage like K.F.?

A

Impaired STM but intact LTM

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8
Q

What is chunking in memory

A

Grouping small bits of information together to remember more easily

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9
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repeating an item to keep it in STM, but it is not sufficient for LTM encoding

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10
Q

What is the duration of sensory memory?

A

0.3-3 seconds

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11
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal/encoding?

A

Relating new information to existing knowledge or experiences to enhance encoding in long-term memory (LTM)

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12
Q

What is depth of processing according to Craik and Tulving?

A

Shallow processing focuses on surface features, while deep processing involves thinking about the meaning or structure of information

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13
Q

What is the concept of schema in memory?

A

Schema refers to a mental framework or organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world that helps in organizing and linking new information

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14
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

A network of interconnected concepts or ideas where information is linked based on semantic relationships

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15
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia is a condition where a person is unable to form new memories after a specific event or trauma, while past memories remain intact

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16
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to recall memories from a specific time period before the occurrence of an event or trauma, while memories after the event are preserved

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17
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Memory consolidation is the process of stabilizing and strengthening memories over time as they are encoded into more stable forms in long-term memory

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18
Q

How does the method of loci aid in memory improvement?

A

The method of loci involves associating items to be remembered with familiar locations, enhancing memory recall by utilizing spatial cues

19
Q

What is the encoding-retrieval context effect according to Godden and Baddeley?

A

Memory performance is better when the context at encoding matches the context at retrieval, indicating the importance of the encoding-retrieval context for memory recall

20
Q

What is encoding?

A

The conversion of information into a form that can be stored as a memory

21
Q

What is storage?

A

The creation of a trace of the encoded information in the central nervous system

22
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The strengthening of this trace overtime

23
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The attempt to recover (remember)/retrieve a memory

24
Q

Who is an example of retrograde amnesia?

A

Fernando Alonso, crashed and believed he was back in his childhood driving go carts.

25
Q

What are the three memory distortions

A

Misattribution, Bias and Suggestibility

26
Q

What is the Famous Faces Test?

A

A test used to assess memory in which individuals are shown famous faces and their ability to identify them determines the extent of their retrograde amnesia

27
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory refers to memory for personal experiences and events in one’s life.

28
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge, understanding, and concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific personal experiences.

29
Q

What types of memory are intact in temporal lobe amnesia?

A

Skill learning, priming, habit, and conditioning (all in procedural or implicit memory) are preserved in temporal lobe amnesia.

30
Q

What are the four sins of memory related to forgetting?

A

Transience/Memory Decay: Weakening of neural connections over time.
Interference: Different memories interfering with each other, causing confusion.
Blocking/Retrieval Failure: Difficulty in accessing stored information due to temporary retrieval failure.
Absentmindedness/Encoding Failure: Forgetting due to lack of attention during encoding.

31
Q

What is persistence in memory?

A

Persistence refers to the ability to remember traumatic events vividly and persistently, often associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

32
Q

What is memory distortion?

A

Memory distortion occurs when presenting people with information and subsequently changing the way it is asked about, leading to changes in recollection or the introduction of false memories.

33
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Reconsolidation is the process by which a memory is reactivated and then re-stabilized, making it susceptible to change or loss. Memory is a reconstructive process that can be influenced by prior and current knowledge.

34
Q

What are clusters of symptoms that occur after a traumatic event?

A

Avoidance symptoms, psychophysiological reactivity in response to trauma-related stimuli and PTSD

35
Q

What did the loftus and palmer study prove?

A

Suggestibility, 50% of people remembered a fake event.

36
Q

Who did the famous faces test?

A

Butters and Albert

37
Q

What is Implicit memory?

A

Procedural memory and contains things such as skills, priming and habit

38
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Includes episodic and semantic memory

39
Q

What parts of memory are intact in temporal lobe amnesia?

A

Skill learning (mirror task), priming (H.M proved via word fragment test), habit and conditioning. Anything implicit

40
Q

What part of memory does temporal lobe amnesia affect?

A

Episodic (actual experiences)

41
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When NEW learning interferes with OLD learning (new - old = retro)

42
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When OLD learning interferes with NEW learning

43
Q

What did Baddenly and Hitch discover

A

Interference of memories

Psychology (10 decks)

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