Developmental Psychology

Question 1

which is more genetic out of cystic fibrosis or PKU?

Answer 1

cystic fibroses. it is recessive and both parents must carry gene for it to be present.

Question 2

what causes PKU?

Answer 2

lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase which turns phenylalanine into tyrosine. if not there, phenylalanine is converted into phenylpyruvate instead

Question 3

how much of IQ is determined genetically?

Answer 3

40 - 70% is genetic and nature is more important than nurture in it

Question 4

what is a teratogen?

Answer 4

environmental factor affecting environment. causes deviations in normal development. e.g. thalidomide

Question 5

what are the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 5

hockey stick hand crease, lack of philtrum - mild to severe intellectual disability

Question 6

what are the four features of teratogens?

Answer 6

1. timing, 2. specific effects 3. individual differences 4. dose-dependant relationships

Question 7

what is imprinting?

Answer 7

when birds are first born they follow the first moving object they see which forms very strong social relationships with it. influences sexual preference and mate selection

Question 8

what did Konrad Lorenz prove?

Answer 8

greylag geese have a critical period of 13-16 hours after hatching and will imprint on moving things in that time.

Question 9

what did henry harlow hypothesise and how did he test it?

Answer 9

the importance of a mothers love. rose monkeys in bare wire chargers where they could see and smell other monkeys but not touch them. monkeys looked for cloth surrogate as represented mother.

Question 10

what were the key characteristics of harlows monkeys?

Answer 10

clinging to itself when released to other monkeys. not eating due to emotional anorexia. mothers would respond badly but cognition was similar.

Question 11

can an isolate harrow monkey be rehabilitated?

Answer 11

yes, even after 12 months. after 6 months of treat ment isolates had same tendancies as therapists - critical period must be longer than first 12 months as are able to retrain still.

Question 12

who is oxana malaya?

Answer 12

girl lived in dog kennel behind house discovered at age 8 and growled/barket etc but can speak now and works but may never be normal.

Question 13

what was the effects of raising children in foster homes (3 main ones)

Answer 13

1. increased attention-seeking.
2. apathy, indifference and withdrawal
3. cognitive and language impairments

Question 14

what did harold skeels do?

Answer 14

19 months moved 13/25 children to owmen intellectual disability clinic. 30 years later 11/13 were self supporting, married with childeren and had nornal IQs. the ones left who did not go to the lady 4 stayed in an institution and only 6 got primary education.

Question 15

What did dennis (1973) study and what were the results?

Answer 15

89 kids in lebanise creche. early age adoption had better results at IQ.

Question 16

what is a critical period?

Answer 16

time of life when extremely succeptable to effects of experience where effects can be dramatic and begin and end dramatically.

Question 17

what is a sensitive period?

Answer 17

same as critical but later in life, effects are less dramatic and it begins and ends more gradually.

Question 18

what did perry (2002) investigate?

Answer 18

brain volume of cared for or uncared for children. discovered the earlier removed from foster care the more brain mass kept.

Question 19

what is the human sensitive period?

Answer 19

2-3 years

Question 20

what does OEOD stand for

Answer 20

organization for economic operation and development. NZ has 7th highest child death rate.

Question 21

how many more times likely are children of substance abusers to be abused or neglected?

Answer 21

abused - 3x more likely
neglected - 4x more likely
2/3 treated for drug abuse were sexually or physically abused as children

Question 22

what is the main type of maltreatment resulting in fatality for children?

Answer 22

neglect

Question 23

what does the GINI coefficient stand for?

Answer 23

inequality measure in society - higher GINI is higher inequality measure

Question 24

what are the physical and behavioural effects of shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 24

physical - brain bleeding, retinal bleeding, damage to spinal cord, neck, ribs and bones
behavioural - extreme irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, breathing, convulsions, vomiting, pale or blueish skin

Question 25

how much does child abuse cause new york directly and indirectly?

Answer 25

1000 million directly, 1000 million indirectly so 2424 million all together.

Question 26

how much is spent on child abuse preventionin NY every year?

Answer 26

104 million. approx 20x is spent on the damage from it compared to what is done from it.

Question 27

what is the typical progression of gateway drugs.

Answer 27

nonusers -> beer/wine -> cigarettes -> cannabis -> other drugs

Question 28

what is the gateway hypothesis?

Answer 28

sequencing, association, causation

Question 29

is cannabis considered a gateway drug?

Answer 29

no as only one age group increased in age when portugal was decriminalised.

Question 30

what increases likelihood of SIDS?

Answer 30

bed sharing, sleeping on side/front, maternal and paternal smoking.

Question 31

what is oxytocin?

Answer 31

empathy chemical. released when people show empathy. the different variants of genes are associated with empathy and there is lots of variation within individuals.

Question 32

why is bonding more difficult following a caesarian?

Answer 32

there is less activation in areas of the brain dedicated to sensory processing, empathy, arousal, motivation and reward compared to vaginal birth mothers.

Question 33

when is the ability to discriminate sounds in all languages lost?

Answer 33

8 months

Question 34

what did noam chomsky believe?

Answer 34

he was a nativist. believed grammer was innate because the input given to a child after birth was ubsufficient for learning. (poverty of the stimulus)

Question 35

what do learning theorists argue that?

Answer 35

language can be learned using statistical learning (pattern recognition)

Question 36

what did teinonen et al discover?

Answer 36

when infant is newborn and asleep they use familiarity to group together sounds into words. used strings of words for 45 minutes then measure electrical activity of brain

Question 37

what forces infants to look longer at a behaviour?

Answer 37

if it is stopped mid-action as behaviour is predictable and seems wrong to stop mid-move

Question 38

what is innate?

Answer 38

ability to learn about patters (statistical learning)

Question 39

what did evans et al test?

Answer 39

whether statistical learning difficulties in language crossed over to other aspects of life. yes they do. only after 42 minutes of listening was there improvements

Question 40

what are the characteristics of Autism?

Answer 40

1. social interaction problems
2. poor communication ability
3. imaginitive ability

Question 41

do children with autism have the same actiavtion status of the brain as children without autism?

Answer 41

no, more statistical learning activation in children without autism.

Question 42

what is the difference in brain activity between children with autism and children without autism?

Answer 42

without - more activity when listening to non-random when compared to listening to random syllables whereas with autism show no difference in brain activation.

Question 43

how does stress on the womb affect sexuality?

Answer 43

stressed mother releases androsterone which binds to receptors in the brain that would have been receiving testosterone which blocks the effect of testosterone in the brain.

Question 44

effect of smoking during pregnancy?

Answer 44

increases chances of being gay/lesbian

Question 45

why does having older brothers increase chances of being gay?

Answer 45

mother immune response against having boy baby with foreign cells inside produces antibodies which bind to the brain and effects brain structure.

Question 46

what did savic and lindstrom discover?

Answer 46

gay men and straight women had no difference in left and right side of brain, lesbian women and straight men had right side of brain larger. differences found in womb. this is because fetal testosterone compromises the development of the left hemisphere and develops the right.

Question 47

what does injecting testosterone into baby sheep during the perinatal period result in?

Answer 47

the volume of the MPOA/AH (area of the hypothalamus) which increases volume of female oSDN which increases chance of being a gay sheep