Vision Flashcards
1
Q
Chromatic adaptation: the ____ system’s ability to adjust to changes in ______ order to preserve the appearance of object _____.
A
Visual
Illumination
Colors
2
Q
The primary vision cortex and visual association areas are located in which lobe of the cortex?
A
Occipital
3
Q
Through what part of the eye does light enter?
A
Pupil
4
Q
Which eye structure is the first that light passes through? What is a function of this structure in relation to light?
A
Cornea
Bending light
5
Q
Lens function: adaptation to looking at ____-___ objects
A
Close-up
6
Q
The retina is capable of _____ and ____ visual stimuli.
A
Detecting
Transmitting
7
Q
What is the side of the retina near the nose called? The side near the temple?
A
Near the nose: nasal
Near the temple: temporal
8
Q
What structure of the eye confers a blind spot because it has no photoreceptors? This structure is part of the ____ ____, which is connected to the brain.
A
Optic disk
Optic nerve
9
Q
What causes glaucoma?
A
High pressure in the eye
10
Q
Image formation occurs through refraction through what 2 eye structures? Which has greater refractive power? Which enables accommodation?
A
Cornea
Lens
Greater refractive power: cornea
Accommodation: lens
11
Q
An image coming through the eye is focused on the ____. How is this changed in myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness)?
A
Retina
Myopia: image falls short of the retina
Hyperopia: image goes past the retina
12
Q
What type of muscles are necessary for accommodation?
A
Ciliary muscles
13
Q
In accommodation, the image is focused (short of/ beyond) the retina. How do the ciliary muscles fix this problem?
A
Beyond
Ciliary muscles contract, elongating the lens and thus putting the image back on the retina
14
Q
How does age affect accommodation?
A
Age decreases accommodation ability
15
Q
The retina is part of the (CNS/PNS). Are its cells arranged in one layer or multiple?
A
CNS
Multiple
16
Q
From front to back of retina, name the 5 major cell types.
A
Back: cones and rods
Middle: horizontal, bipolar
Front: retinal ganglion cells
17
Q
What retinal cell type serve as photoreceptors? What is the role of photoreceptors?
A
Cones and rods
Detect signal
18
Q
Which 2 retinal cell types have both an on and off variety? What is the difference between the on and off varieties?
A
Bipolar
Retinal ganglion
On cells release more neurotransmitter when light is on
Off cells release more neurotransmitter when light is off
19
Q
What are the only retinal cell type that fires action potentials?
A
Retinal ganglion
20
Q
Horizontal cells modify the function of _____ cells.
A
Bipolar
21
Q
________ cells in the back of the retina are the first to respond to light.
A
Photoreceptor
22
Q
Though light travels from (front/back) to (front/back) of the retina, the neurological signal travels from cells in the (front/back) of the retina toward cells in the (front/back) of the retina.
A
Front to back
Back to front
23
Q
____ _____ cells send their axons out of the retina to the brain.
A
Retinal ganglion
24
Q
What is the part of the retina with the highest visual acuity?
A
Fovea
25
Cones dominate what part of the retina? For what type of vision are they most important? Do they have high or low sensitivity? Do they provide high or low resolution and acuity? One or many cones per bipolar cell pair? What type of G protein-coupled receptor do they use to detect light?
```
Fovea
Color
Low sensitivity
High resolution and acuity
1 cone per bipolar cell pair
GPCR: opsins
```
26
Rods dominate what relative part of the retina? For what type of vision are they most important? Do they have high or low sensitivity? Do they provide high or low resolution and acuity? One or many rods per bipolar cell pair? What type of G protein-coupled receptor do they use to detect light?
```
Periphery
Night
High
Low resolution and acuity
Many rods per bipolar cell pair
GPCR: rhodopsin
```
27
Phototransduction: transformation of ____ energy to ____ energy.
Light
| Electrical
28
Light (depolarizes/hyperpolarizes) photo receptors. This response lasts (the same amount of time as/ longer than) the stimulus.
Hyperpolarizes
| Longer than
29
Photoreceptors show graded responses to light. What does that mean?
The more intense the stimulus, the more hyperpolarization occurs
30
Photoreceptors have what 2 types of channels? Which one is always open, no matter if it is light or dark?
K+ ion channels
Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (cGMP)
Always open: K+ channels
31
The cGMP-gated channels of the photoreceptors pass what 2 ions?
Na+
| Ca+2
32
What enzyme makes cGMP that binds to cGMP-gated channels of photoreceptors? This enzyme is on (in the light/in the dark/all the time)
Guanylyl cyclase
| All the time
33
Dark current: in the dark, which of the 2 photoreceptor channels are open? What ions are coming into the cell, and what ions are going out of the cell? Is the net effect depolarization or hyperpolarization? In the light, which of the 2 photoreceptor channels are open? What ions are coming into the cell, and what ions are going out of the cell? Is the net effect depolarization or hyperpolarization?
```
Dark:
K+ ion channels and cGMP-gated channels are open
Into cell: Na+ and Ca+2, out of cell: K+
Depolarization
Light:
Only K+ ion channels are open
No ions coming into cell, K+ going out of cell
Hyperpolarization
```
34
Opsins and rhodopsin serve as ____ ____-____ ____ that are required for light detection in the ____. Which one corresponds to cones and which one corresponds to rods? How many opsin(s) are there and how many rhodopsin(s) are there?
```
G protein-coupled receptors
Retina
Opsins-cones
Rhodopsin- rods
3 opsins
1 rhodopsin
```
35
How many transmembrane domains do opsins and rhodopsin have?
7
36
What is the name of the G protein that opsins and rhodopsin couple to?
Transducin
37
What is the name of the light absorbing chromophore that is part of opsin and rhodopsin? What is the version of this chromophore that is in the inactivated version of opsin or rhodopsin, and what is the version of this chromophore that is in the activated version of opsin or rhodopsin?
Retinal
11-cis-retinal
All-trans-retinal
38
Light causes ____-____ retinal to change to ____-____ retinal, which causes a change in the ____ or _____ G protein-coupled receptor that enables it to activate _____, the G protein.
11-cis retinal
All-trans retinal
Opsin or rhodopsin
Transducin
39
What is the name of the protein to which 11-cis retinal binds? What is an intermediate in the retinoid cycle between all-trans retinal and 11-cis retinal, and what vitamin does it function as?
Retinoid binding protein
All-trans retinol
Vitamin A
40
Phototransduction pathway:
1) _____ ____ (enzyme) is always making _____ (2nd messenger): constitutively active
2) Light causes ___-___ ____ to change to ___-____ ___
3) _____ (GPCR in rods) changes conformation
4) _____ trimeric G protein with G alpha T is activated
5) Activated _____-G alpha T subunit binds to and activates _____
6) ____ breaks down cGMP
7) ___-gated ___/___ (ions) channel (closes/opens)
8) ____ channel is still open, so photoreceptor is (depolarized/hyperpolarized)
9) Photoreceptor _____ (neurotransmitter) output is (increased/decreased)
```
1) Guanylyl cyclase
cGMP
2) 11-cis retinal
All-trans retinal
3) Rhodopsin
4) Transducin
5) GTP- G alpha T
Phosphodiesterase
6) Phosphodiesterase
7) cGMP-gated
Na+/Ca+2
Closes
8) K+
Hyperpolarized
9) Glutamate
Decreased
```
41
```
Graded neurotransmitter release: cell can (increase/decrease/either) amount of neurotransmitter released depending on level of (depolarization/hyperpolarization).
What cell(s) of the retina demonstrate graded release?
```
Either
Depolarization
Photoreceptors (cones and rods), bipolar cells, horizontal cells
42
Action potential induced neurotransmitter release: cell must reach ____ of ___-____ channels and fire ____ ____ in order to release neurotransmitter. What cell(s) of the retina demonstrate action potential induced release?
Threshold
Voltage-gated
Action potential
Retinal ganglion only
43
Photoreceptors:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: depolarize (activate) or hyperpolarize (inactivate)
1) Glutamate
2) GABA
3) Inhibition
4) Hyperpolarize/ inactivate
44
Horizontal cells:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: activation or inhibition
1) GABA
2) Glutamate (AMPA or kainate)
3) Activation
4) Inhibition
45
ON Bipolar cells:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: activation or inhibition
1) Glutamate
2) Glutamate (mGluR6)
3) Inhibition
4) Activation
46
OFF Bipolar cells:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: activation or inhibition
1) Glutamate
2) Glutamate (AMPA or kainate)
3) Activation
4) Inhibition
47
ON Ganglion cells:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: activation or inhibition
1) Glutamate
2) Glutamate (AMPA, kainate, NMDA)
3) Activation
4) Activation
48
OFF Ganglion cells:
1) Neurotransmitter released
2) Type of neurotransmitter receptor/ what neurotransmitter binds
3) Effect of neurotransmitter binding: activation or inhibition
4) Effect of light on cell: activation or inhibition
1) Glutamate
2) Glutamate (AMPA, kainate, NMDA)
3) Activation
4) Inhibition
49
What type of retinal cell releases a different neurotransmitter than the others?
Horizontal
50
In the ON bipolar cell, glutamate released by the ____ (cell type) binds the ____ (ion channel/GPCR).
Photoreceptor
mGluR6
GPCR
51
What is the trimeric G protein that mGluR6 of the ON bipolar cells couples to?
Go
52
ON bipolar cells: Glutamate binding _____ (GPCR) leads to (opening/closing) of the _____ ion channels, causing (depolarization/hyperpolarization) of the ON bipolar cells, since these ion channels pass ___ and ____ (ions).
```
mGluR6
Closing
TRPM1
Hyperpolarization
Ca+2 and Na+
```
53
The ON bipolar cells are depolarized and active when the light is (on/off). The OFF bipolar cells are depolarized and active when the light is (on/off).
On
| Off
54
In the OFF bipolar cells, glutamate released by the ____ (cell type) binds the ___ and ____ (ion channels/GPCRs).
Photoreceptors
AMPA
Kainate
55
OFF bipolar cells: Glutamate binding opens ____ and ____ (ion channels), causing (depolarization/hyperpolarization) of OFF bipolar cells.
AMPA and kainate
| Depolarization
56
Photoreceptors release more glutamate in the (dark/light).
Dark
57
Photoreceptor cells release ____ onto horizontal cells, which in turn release ____ back onto the photoreceptor cells, which accounts for the inhibitory effect of neurotransmitter binding seen in the photoreceptors.
Glutamate
| GABA
58
Center photoreceptor activity is affected by what happens with the _____ photoreceptors.
Surrounding
59
Cells in the retina have a tonic level of activity that can be up or downregulated. What does this mean?
Cells are always releasing some level of glutamate, which can be adjusted
60
Cell-cell and intracellular signaling in the retina is (sometimes/constantly) undergoing adaptation at (one/ multiple) levels.
Constantly
| Multiple
61
In measuring the effects of center and surround on ganglion cell activity, center ganglion cells are connected to center ____ cells, which are connected to center ____ (photoreceptor) cells.
Bipolar
| Cone
62
In measuring the effects of center and surround on ganglion cell activity, how is activity measured?
Frequency of action potentials
63
For ON-center ganglion cells, activity is highest for the longest period of time when the center is (lighter/darker) than the surround. For OFF-center ganglion cells, activity is highest for the longest period of time when the center is (lighter/darker) than the surround.
ON-center: lighter
| OFF-center: darker
64
In the ON-center ganglion cells, activity (increased/decreased) when exposed to a light spot in the center, then (increased/decreased) after center and surround were the same brightness. For the same setup with OFF-center ganglion cells, activity (increased/decreased) when exposed to a light spot in the center, then (increased/decreased) after center and surround were the same brightness.
Increased
Decreased
Decreased
Increased
65
In the ON-center ganglion cells, activity (increased/decreased) when exposed to a dark spot in the center, then (increased/decreased) after center and surround were the same brightness. For the same setup with OFF-center ganglion cells, activity (increased/decreased) when exposed to a dark spot in the center, then (increased/decreased) after center and surround were the same brightness.
Decreased
Increased
Increased
Decreased
66
In the center/surround experiments with ganglion cell activity, prior status affected activity levels when the contrast ____. Over time, adaptation drives activity towards ____.
Changed
| Baseline
67
Light spot in center: cone is (hyperpolarized/depolarized), an effect which (increases/decreases) over time. The ON-center bipolar cells are (hyperpolarized/depolarized), while the OFF-center bipolar cells are (hyperpolarized/depolarized). The resulting effect is that the ON-center ganglion cells' activity is (increased/decreased) while the OFF-center ganglion cells' activity is (increased/decreased). Upon return to same brightness in center as surround, the center cone's Vm is (increased/decreased), which causes a(n) (increase/decrease) in Vm of ON-center bipolar cells and a(n) (increase/decrease) in Vm of OFF-center bipolar cells. The final result is that the ON-center ganglion cells' activity (increases/decreases) and the OFF-center ganglion cells' activity (increases/decreases).
```
Light spot in center:
Hyperpolarized
Decreases
Depolarized
Hyperpolarized
Increased
Decreased
Return to same brightness:
Increased
Decrease
Increase
Decreases
Increases
```
68
Dark spot in center: cone is (hyperpolarized/depolarized), an effect which (increases/decreases) over time. The ON-center bipolar cells are (hyperpolarized/depolarized), while the OFF-center bipolar cells are (hyperpolarized/depolarized). The resulting effect is that the ON-center ganglion cells' activity is (increased/decreased) while the OFF-center ganglion cells' activity is (increased/decreased). Upon return to same brightness in center as surround, the center cone's Vm is (increased/decreased), which causes a(n) (increase/decrease) in Vm of ON-center bipolar cells and a(n) (increase/decrease) in Vm of OFF-center bipolar cells. The final result is that the ON-center ganglion cells' activity (increases/decreases) and the OFF-center ganglion cells' activity (increases/decreases).
```
Dark spot in center:
Depolarized
Decreases
Hyperpolarized
Depolarized
Decreased
Increased
Return to same brightness:
Decreased
Increase
Decrease
Increases
Decreases
```
69
The ON-center bipolar cells have the highest activity when glutamate concentration is (lowest/highest) because they are (inhibited/activated) by glutamate. This condition occurs in the (light/dark).
Lowest
Inhibited
Light
70
The OFF-center bipolar cells have the highest activity when glutamate concentration is (lowest/highest) because they are (inhibited/activated) by glutamate. This condition occurs in the (light/dark).
Highest
Activated
Dark
71
Measuring ON-center ganglion activity when moving light from center to surround:
1) In what light position is ON-center ganglion activity highest?
2) What happens to ON-center ganglion activity as the light moves from the center to the surround?
3) In what light position is ON-center ganglion activity lowest?
4) What happens to ON-center ganglion activity as the light moves outside of the center and surround? Why?
1) Light is in center and surround is dark
2) ON-center ganglion activity decreases as light is moved from center to surround
3) Light is in surround and center is dark
4) Activity returns to baseline: no sensation of light occurs outside of center and surround
72
Measuring ON-center ganglion activity when increasing diameter of light:
1) In what condition does maximum firing of ON-center ganglion cells occur?
2) What happens to ON-center ganglion firing frequency as light diameter is increased so that it covers the surround as well as the center?
1) Light is solely in the center
| 2) Rate of firing decreases
73
Measuring ON-center ganglion activity (relative to baseline: at, above, or below and how much) when moving center and surround into and out of light:
1) Activity when both center and surround are in the dark
2) Activity when center is in the dark and part of surround is in the light
3) Activity when half of center and half of surround are in the light
4) Activity when entire center and much of surround is in the light
5) Activity when both center and surround are in the light
1) Baseline
2) Slightly below
3) Baseline
4) Greatly above
5) Slightly above
74
What does the Hermann grid look like, and what optical illusion occurs when you look at it?
Checkerboard pattern of black squares on white background
| Gray circles appear when looking at points where points of squares meet
75
The Hermann grid can be explained by the effects of (ON-center/ OFF-center) cells.
ON-center
76
In the Hermann grid, the ON-center cells have (lower/higher) activity where the points of 4 squares meet than the areas connecting them where the borders of 2 squares meet. Why is that and how does it affect how we see those areas?
Lower
At areas where points meet, less of surround is in the dark than at the areas where the borders meet
Areas where points meet are seen as somewhat gray and areas where borders meet are seen as white
77
The horizontal cells are attached to (center photoreceptor/ 1 surround photoreceptor/ both). Bipolar cells are attached to (center photoreceptor/ 1 surround photoreceptor/ 1 horizontal cell).
Both
| Center photoreceptor only
78
Center and surround photoreceptor cells release _____ (neurotransmitter), with greater release occurring in the (dark/light). The neurotransmitter release from the photoreceptors causes horizontal cells to release _____ (neurotransmitter), with greater release occurring in the (dark/light).
Glutamate
Dark
GABA
Dark
79
Center surround antagonism of retinal cells: when both the center and surround are at the same level of darkness, the photoreceptors' membrane potential is at _____. When the center is made to be lighter than the surround, the photoreceptors membrane potential becomes (depolarized/hyperpolarized), an effect which gradually (increases/decreases). Is this due to a change in light intensity or the effects of another cell type?
Baseline
Hyperpolarized
Decreases
Effects of another cell type
80
Center surround antagonism of retinal cells: what cell type mediates the decrease in hyperpolarization seen in the photoreceptor cells over time when the center is lighter than the surround? How does hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors effect these other cells and how does that in turn cause a gradual decrease in hyperpolarization?
Horizontal cells
Hyperpolarization of photoreceptors causes a decrease their glutamate release -> decreased glutamate means decreased excitation of horizontal cells -> less GABA released -> decreased inhibitory effects on photoreceptors -> decreased hyperpolarization
81
Center surround antagonism of retinal cells: in what light condition of center and surround causes the least amount of glutamate released on the horizontal cells? Why? What does this mean for the activity of the horizontal cells at that point?
Light on center and surround
Both center and surround photoreceptors are hyperpolarized in light, so they release the least glutamate onto the horizontal cells
Horizontal cells' activity is lowest at that point
82
Center surround antagonism of retinal cells: the peak activity of the ON-center bipolar cells and ON-center ganglion cells corresponds to the peak (depolarization/hyperpolarization) of the photoreceptors. This effect gradually (increases/decreases) over time. Why?
Hyperpolarization
Decreases
Hyperpolarization decreases over time, so glutamate release increases over time -> ON-center bipolar cells are inhibited by glutamate, so they release less glutamate onto the ganglion cells -> ganglion cells are less activated
83
OFF-center ganglion cells would be the most active when how much of their center and surround are in the light?
Most of center is in dark and some of surround is in light
84
What is the part of the frog's brain where much of its visual information goes? What is this part called in humans? What is this part of the brain specifically responsible for?
Tectum
Superior colliculus
Orienting head movement to surrounding movement
85
When visual information enters the eye, is it recreated in the brain in the same or a different orientation?
Different
86
In the experiment where the frog's eye was taken out of its head and rotated 180 degrees, what happened at first when the frog saw a fly? How did that response change over time? What was happening to the retinal axons of the frog and what was the conclusion of the experiment?
The frog stuck its tongue out in the opposite direction as the fly
Over time, the frog adjusted to the eye rotation and was able to stick its tongue out in the same direction as the fly
The retinal axons regrew and targeted their original location in the tectum
Conclusion: signals from axon and/or tectum guide axon
87
____ ____ guide axons in the developing nervous system. Their movement is dependent on changes in the _____.
Growth cones
| Cytoskeleton
88
What are 2 components of the growth cone cytoskeleton, and which one reorganizes before the other in response to attractive guidance signals?
Actin, microtubules
| Actin reorganizes before microtubules
89
Axon guidance signals can be _____ or _____ and can exist as ____ molecules or as part of the _____ matrix.
Attractive
Repulsive
Soluble
Extracellular
90
The temporal axons synapse in the (anterior/posterior) part of the tectum while the nasal axons synapse in the (anterior/posterior) part of the tectum.
Anterior
| Posterior
91
What type of signaling guides retinotectal axons?
Eph/Ephrin
92
Are Eph/Ephrin signals considered to be attractive or repulsive?
Repulsive
93
What is the name of the part of the visual pathway where retinal axons cross from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side?
Optic chiasm
94
Axons that express (low/high) EphB are (enabled to/ prevented from) crossing the optic chiasm by (low/high) levels of EphrinB in the optic chiasm. Do these axons end up in the ipsilateral or contralateral tectum?
High
Prevented from
High
Ipsilateral tectum
95
Temporal ganglion axons express (lower/higher) levels of EphA than the nasal ganglion axons. The posterior tectum expresses (lower/higher) levels of EphrinA than the anterior tectum. Thus, temporal axons are (more/less) repulsed by the posterior tectum than the nasal axons. Where in the tectum do the temporal axons synapse and where do the nasal axons synapse?
Higher
Higher
More
Temporal axons synapse in the anterior tectum
Nasal axons synapse in the posterior tectum
96
Visual pathway: axons of retinal ganglion cells travel through _____ ____ and pass through the _____ ____. They have their first synapse in the ___ ____ ____. From there, visual information passes through the ____ _____ and onto the ____ ____, also called the ____ cortex.
```
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Optic radiation
Striate cortex
Visual
```
97
In non-visual pathways, axons of the retinal ganglion cells travel through the ____ ____ and pass through the ____ ____. From there, they can pass to the ____, the ____, or the ____ _____.
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Hypothalamus, pretectum, or superior colliculus
98
The hypothalamus is in charge of regulation of ___ ___.
Circadian rhythms
99
The pretectum is in charge of _____ control of ___ and ___.
Reflex
| Pupil and lens
100
The superior colliculus is in charge of orienting _____ of ___ and ___.
Movements
| Head and eyes
101
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located in the brain?
Thalamus
102
In the visual pathway, how many synapses happen between the retina and the visual cortex? Where does each synapse happen?
2 synapses: first in lateral geniculate nucleus, second in visual cortex
103
Once optic chiasm is reached, the optic nerve becomes part of the ____ ____.
Optic tract
104
The 2 cell types of the lateral geniculate nucleus are the ___ cells and the ___ cells.
P cells
| M cells
105
What are the P cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus most sensitive to? From what photoreceptors of what portion of the retina do they preferentially receive information? Do they have better spatial or temporal resolution?
Color
Cones of fovea
Spatial resolution
106
What are the M cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus most sensitive to? From what photoreceptors do they preferentially receive information? Do they have better spatial or temporal resolution? What are they additionally good at detecting?
Light/dark
Rods
Temporal
Motion
107
The axons coming from the lateral geniculate nucleus can go in one of 2 directions to one of 2 locations in the visual cortex (named the same as the 2 directions). What are these directions?
Superior (towards top of brain)
| Inferior (towards bottom of brain)
108
The axons traveling the inferior pathway from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex first project out _____ (direction), then proceed to the visual cortex in the ____ direction (opposite direction as before).
Rostral (towards front of brain)
| Caudal (towards back of brain)
109
Image projection to retina: image on retina is (up/down same orientation/up/down inverted) and (left-right same orientation/ left-right reversed).
Up/down inverted
| Left/right reversed
110
When looking at an object, the focal point (part of object that is in the middle of the binocular visual field) hits what part of the retina? Does this occur for both eyes or just one?
Fovea
| Both eyes
111
When looking at an object, the part that is on the right edge of the binocular visual field hits the left retina on the (temporal/nasal) side and the right retina on the (temporal/nasal) side.
Left: temporal
Right: nasal
112
When looking at an object, the part that is on the right edge of the right visual field hits the right retina (in the middle/on the edge) of the (temporal/nasal) side. How is this different from the left retina? What is the effect on the left eye's ability to see that part of the object?
On the edge
Nasal
Nose blocks that part's ability to reach left retina
Left eye cannot see that part of the object
113
Information from the right visual world goes to the (left/right) part of the visual cortex, and vice versa. Similarly, information from the superior visual world goes to the (superior/inferior) part of the visual cortex, and vice versa.
Left
| Inferior
114
The optic nerves from the (temporal/nasal) side of the retina wind up in the ipsilateral visual cortex and the optic nerves from the (temporal/nasal) side of the retina wind up in the contralateral visual cortex.
Temporal
| Nasal
115
The most acute vision falls on the (side/center) of the visual cortex on the (superior/inferior/both) part(s). Is this part of the visual cortex large or small? From what part of the retina does this information come?
Center
Both
Large
Fovea
116
From back/caudal to front/rostral, name the 3 parts according to where their information comes from.
Fovea (also called macula)
Binocular
Monocular
117
What is the name of the groove that divides the visual cortex into superior and inferior portions?
Calcarine sulcus
118
Damage across the optic nerve of the right eye (after nerves of temporal and nasal sides join) would affect vision in what quadrants (left/right, superior/inferior) of what eye(s)?
All quadrants of right eye
119
Damage across the optic chiasm would damage the optic nerves from the (temporal/nasal) sides of each retina. This would affect vision in what quadrants (left/right, superior/inferior) of what eye(s)?
Nasal
Left: left superior and inferior
Right: right superior and inferior
120
Damage to the optic nerve on the right side of the brain (after the optic chiasm) would affect vision in what quadrants (left/right, superior/inferior) of what eye(s)? Why is this? In general, damage to the optic nerve on one side of the brain affects vision on the (ipsilateral/contralateral) side of the visual world.
Left: left superior and inferior
Right: left superior and inferior
Optic nerve is carrying information from left nasal and right temporal
Contralateral
121
The Meyer's loop in the optic radiation on one side of the brain carries information about the (ipsilateral/contralateral) (superior/inferior) visual world.
Contralateral
| Superior
122
Damage to the Meyer's loop in the optic radiation on the right side of the brain would affect vision in what quadrants (left/right, superior/inferior) of what eye(s)? Why?
Left: left superior
Right: left superior
Meyer's loop on right side carries left nasal and right temporal visual information only from the superior
123
Damage to the optic radiation on the right side of the brain would affect vision in what quadrants (left/right, superior/inferior) of what eye(s)? Why? What area of vision would be spared and what does that correspond to in the visual cortex?
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Left: left superior and inferior
Right: left superior and inferior
Optic radiation on right side carries left nasal and right temporal visual information
Spared: center of vision
Macular/fovea
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124
Damage to which 2 sites would yield monocular vision of all 4 quadrants of an image (left/right, superior/inferior)?
Optic nerve of one eye
| Optic chiasm
