Cerebellum Flashcards
The cerebellum provides input to ___ ___ neurons to control _____.
Local circuit
Movement
Does the cerebellum develop pre- or post-natally?
Post-natally
The cerebellum contains more than ____% of the neurons in the brain.
50
The neurons of the cerebellum are arranged in a regular ___. They are divided into distinct ____ that make connections with different areas of the ___.
Pattern
Regions
Brain
Is the cerebellum required for perception or muscle contraction?
No
The cerebellum (directly/indirectly) regulates movement by adjusting the output of major descending _____ systems of the brain.
Indirectly
Motor
Symptoms of cerebellar lesions:
1) Disrupted coordination of ___ and ____ movements
2) Impaired ____
3) Decreased ____ tone
1) Eye
Limb
2) Balance
3) Muscle
What area of the brain plans movements?
Motor cortex
The cerebellum functions as a _____ that compensates for errors in ____ by comparing ____ and ____.
Comparator
Movement
Intention
Performance
The ____ and ____ information about performance of movement go to the _____ and is compared to information from the ____ about plans for movement. The ____ then sends out instructions for ____ proper movement or ____ improper movement.
Vestibular Proprioceptive Cerebellum Cortex Cerebellum Continuing Altering
All information coming in or out of the cerebellum passes through (small/large) bundles of axons called cerebellar ____. They connect the cerebellum with the rest of the ____. How many of these are on each side of the cerebellum?
Large
Peduncles
Brain
3
What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
1) The superior peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.
2) The middle peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.
3) The inferior peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.
1) Efferent Cerebellum Thalamus 2) Afferent Cortex Cerebellum 3) Either Cerebellum and spinal cord
Of the 3 categories of cerebellar peduncles, which is the largest?
Middle
Which peduncle carries most of the information from the cortex into the cerebellum? A) Superior B) Middle C) Inferior D) More than one of the above
B) Middle
The cerebellar cortex is divided into 3 regions. Name them.
Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
1) The cerebrocerebellum gets input from the ____.
2) The spinocerebellum gets input from the ____, ___ ___, _____ nerve, ____ and ____ systems, and ___ nuclei.
3) The vestibulocerebellum gets input from the ___ nuclei.
1) Cortex
2) Brainstem
Spinal cord
Trigeminal nerve
Auditory
Visual
Vestibular
3) Vestibular
The spinocerebellum is located ____ to the cerebrocerebellum. Both the spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum are located ____ to the vestibulocerebellum.
Medial
Superior
The spinocerebellum is further divided into what 2 subregions? Which one is located laterally and which one is located medially?
Intermediate (lateral)
Vermis (medial)
The cerebellum, like the somatosensory and motor cortices, has a ____ representing control over different regions of the body. What are 2 ways in which is it different from those of the somatosensory and motor cortices?
Homunculus
Doesn’t represent entire body
Some areas of body are repeated
Speech slurring when drunk is due to alcohol affecting the ____ part of the _______ (cerebellar cortex region).
Anterior
Spinocerebellum
The cerebellar cortex outputs information to the ____ ___ ____. Are these located on one or both sides of the cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei
Both
What are the 3 types of deep cerebellar nuclei? Which one exists as a pair?
Dentate nucleus
Interposed nuclei (pair)
Fastigial nucleus
Cerebellar INPUTS (part 1):
1) Most information from the ___ ____ travels down to the ____ and synapses on the ____ ____.
2) Information then travels (ispilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ _____ ____ to the _______.
1) Frontal cortex Pons Pontine nuclei 2) Contralaterally Middle cerebellar peduncle Cerebrocerebellum
Cerebellar INPUTS (part 2):
1) Information from the _____ _____ can also travel to the ___ ___ of the ____ and ____.
2) Information then travels to the ____ ____ of the ____.
3) Information finally travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ___ ___ to the ______.
1)Frontal cortex Red nucleus Midbrain and pons 2) Inferior olive Medulla 3) Contralaterally Inferior cerebellar peduncle Cerebrocerebellum
Cerebellar INPUTS (part 3): The \_\_\_ \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ \_\_\_ send \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ information (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
Spinal cord Vestibular nuclei Proprioceptive Vestibular Ipsilaterally Inferior cerebellar peduncle Cerebellar cortex
Afferent information traveling along the MIDDLE cerebellar peduncle comes from the ____ side(s) of the brain/brainstem.
A) Contralateral
B) Ipsilateral
C) Both
A) Contralateral
Afferent information traveling along the INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle comes from the _____ side(s) of the brain/brainstem.
A) Contralateral
B) Ipsilateral
C) Both
C) Both
Inferior olive sends information contralaterally; spinal cord and vestibular nuclei send information ipsilaterally
Information going across the middle cerebellar peduncle will synapse in the more (anterior/posterior) part of the cerebellum and information going across the inferior cerebellar peduncle will synapse in the more (anterior/posterior) part of the cerebellum.
Anterior
Posterior
Are the deep cerebellar nuclei considered to be part of the official cerebellum? If not, why?
No- are evolutionarily related to vestibular nuclei
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 1):
1) Information leaving the cerebellar cortex travels to the ___ ___ ___. Which two types of these receive the information/synapses?
2) Information then travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the _____ ____ ____ and synapses in the ____ ____ (___) of the _____.
3) Information finally travels to the _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____.
1) Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate and interposed 2) Contralaterally Superior cerebellar peduncle Ventral lateral (VL) Thalamus 3) Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 2):
Information from the dentate and interposed deep cerebellar nuclei can also travel (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ___ ___ and synapse in the ___ ____. What does this latter structure control?
Contralaterally
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior colliculus
Eye movement
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 3):
A small amount of information from the cerebellar cortex can travel back to the ___ ____ and from there to the ___ ___, creating a feedback loop.
Red nucleus
Inferior olive
In general, the motor cortex controls the (ipsilateral/contralateral) body side and the cerebrocerebellum controls the (ipsilateral/contralateral) body side.
Contralateral
Ipsilateral
Information from the right motor cortex would be sent to the (left/right) cerebrocerebellum. That side of the cerebrocerebellum would send information to the (left/right) side of the body.
Left (both)
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 1):
1) Information from the cerebellar cortex travels to the ____ and ____ ____ ____ ____.
2) Information travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ____ ____ to the ___ ___.
3) Information can then travel to the ____ ____.
1) Dentate and interposed Deep cerebellar nuclei 2) Contralaterally Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior colliculus 3) Reticular formation
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 2):
1) Information from the cerebellar cortex travels to the ____ _____ _____ _____.
2) Information travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ____ ____ to the ___ ____ or ____ ____.
1) Fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei
2) Ipsilaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Superior colliculus
Reticular formation
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 3):
Information from the cerebellar cortex travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ____ ____ ___ to the ___ ___.
Ipsilaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibular nuclei
Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 4):
Information from the reticular formation and vestibular nuclei can travel along the ____ ____ ___ ___ tracts to the ___ ___ ___ of the ___ ____ ___. Of what does this pathway enable control?
Anterior medial white matter tracts
Lower motor neurons
Medial ventral horn
Posture
In general, damage to the spinocerebellum will have effects on the (contralateral/ipsilateral/both) body side(s).
Both
List the deep cerebellar nuclei in order from most medial to most lateral.
Medial to lateral:
Fastigial nuclei
Interposed nuclei
Dentate nuclei
Corticopontine inputs travel through the ____ cerebellar peduncle and synapse (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) in which part of the cerebellar cortex?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Contralaterally
Cerebrocerebellum
Spinal and trigeminal inputs synapse in what part of the cerebellar cortex?
Spinocerebellum (intermediate and vermis)
Visual and auditory inputs synapse in the ___ of what part of the cerebellar cortex?
Vermis
Spinocerebellum
Vestibular inputs synapse in what parts of the cerebellar cortex?
Vestibulocerebellum
Vermis of spinocerebellum
The dentate nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ____ cerebellar peduncle to the ____ and ____ ____. This information is used for what?
Cerebrocerebellum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Motor and premotor cortices
Motor planning
The interposed nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ____ cerebellar peduncle to control the ____ descending systems. This information is used for what?
Intermediate spinocerebellum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Lateral descending systems
Limb movement
The fastigial nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ___ cerebellar peduncle to control the ____ descending systems. This information is used for what?
Vermis of spinocerebellum
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Medial descending systems
Posture
The vestibulocerebellum sends information along the ___ cerebellar peduncle to the ___ ___. This information is used for what?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibular nuclei
Balance and eye movement
Efferent information from the spinocerebellum vermis travels from the ____ nuclei to regulate the ____.
A) Fastigial, lateral descending systems
B) Fastigial medial descending systems
C) Interposed, lateral descending systems
D) Interposed, medial descending systems
B) Fastigial, medial descending systems
Nissl stain shows (cell bodies/axons and dendrites), whereas neurofilament stain shows (cell bodies/axons and dendrites).
Cell bodies
Axons and dendrites
What cell type is highly abundant in the cerebellum? Does it stain darkly with Nissl or neurofilament stain?
Granule cells
Nissl
Name 4 layers of the cerebellum going from most lateral to most medial.
Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granule cells
White matter
The molecular layer contains ____ of ____ cells, whereas the Purkinje layer contains ___ ___ of ____ cells.
Dendrites
Purkinje cells
Cell bodies
Purkinje cells
The white matter layer contains (efferent/afferent) axons of ___ and ___ fibers.
Afferent
Mossy
Climbing
What are the 2 types of cerebellar afferents?
Mossy and climbing fibers
Climbing fibers come from the ___ ___, whereas mossy fibers can come from the ____, ___ ___, or ___ ___.
Inferior olive
Pons
Vestibular nuclei
Spinal cord
The ___ ___ are considered to be cerebellar efferents. They have their cell bodies in the ___ ____ and send their axons out to other regions.
Purkinje cells
Cerebellar cortex
What are 3 types of cerebellar interneurons? They have both their cell bodies and axons in the ___ ___.
Golgi cells
Basket cells
Stellate cells
Cerebellar cortex
Granule cells receive input from ____ ___ and have their cell bodies in the ___. They send their axons up to the surface of the ____, where they ____ and run ____. Thus, the granule cell axons are also called ___ ___.
Mossy fibers Cerebellum Cerebellum Bifurcate Parallel Parallel fibers
The mossy fibers release ____ (neurotransmitter) and synapse on ___ ___.
Glutamate
Granule cells
The granule cells release ____ (neurotransmitter) and send their axons/parallel fibers through (one/multiple) ___ ___, making (one/a couple) of synapse(s) on each.
Glutamate
Multiple
Purkinje neurons
A couple
The climbing fibers release _____ (neurotransmitter). Each will wrap around a ___ ___, creating (one/thousands) of synapses.
Glutamate
Purkinje neuron
Thousands
The deep cerebellar nuclei can receive input from the ___ ___ as well as ____ and ____ ____. Which one(s) release(s) GABA and will inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei, and which one(s) release(s) glutamate and will excite the deep cerebellar nuclei?
Purkinje cells (GABA, inhibit) Mossy and climbing fibers (glutamate, excite)
Cortical inhibitory loop of cerebellum:
____ and ____ fibers (the later acting through the ___ ___) (excite/inhibit) the ___ ___, which (inhibit/excite) the ___ ___ ___.
Climbing and mossy fibers Granule cells Excite Purkinje neurons Inhibit Deep cerebellar nuclei
Deep excitatory loop of cerebellum:
____ and ____ fibers directly (excite/inhibit) the ___ ___ ____.
Climbing and mossy fibers
Excite
Deep cerebellar nuclei
The basket and Golgi cells of the cerebellum are (excitatory/inhibitory) interneurons and release what neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory
GABA
The basket cells receive input from one group of adjacent ___ ___ and send their axons to ___ ___ of the other adjacent band for an effect of (excitation/inhibition).
Parallel fibers
Purkinje neurons
Inhibition
The Golgi cells receive input from one group of ___ ___ and synapses on the (same/other adjacent) ____ and ___ ___ that excited them for a total effect of ____.
Parallel fibers Same Parallel Mossy Inhibition
What type of cerebellar neuron has its axon and dendrites in different cerebellar bands? A) Purkinje B) Basket C) Golgi D) Granule cell E) More than one of the above
B) Basket
In a Purkinje cell, the dendrite branches receive synapses from the (parallel/climbing) fibers, whereas the main dendrite receives synapses from the (parallel/climbing) fibers.
Parallel
Climbing
Each parallel fiber has (a couple/many) synapses on each Purkinje neuron and synapses on (a couple/multiple) Purkinje neurons.
A couple
Multiple
Each Purkinje neuron receives synapses from ____ to ____ parallel fibers.
150,000
200,000
Granule cell/parallel fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials are seen as (simple/complex) spikes, whereas climbing fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials are seen as (simple/complex) spikes.
Simple
Complex
Granule cell/parallel fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials fire at a (low/high) frequency and (one/many) input(s) are required to generate an action potential.
High
Many
Climbing fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials fire at a (low/high) frequency and (one/many) input(s) are required to generate an action potential. These action potentials are thought to serve a ____ role.
Low
One
Modulatory
Concurrent stimulation of ___ and ___ fibers (increases/reduces) the strength of ___ fiber input in Purkinje cells, leading to (LTP/LTD).
Climbing
Parallel
Parallel
LTD
Wrist movement and Purkinje cell action potential experiment:
1) As the weight increased, what happened to the number of simple and complex spikes?
2) When there was an unexpected change in the load, the number of ___ spikes (increased/decreased).
3) Following adaptation to the new load, what happened to the number of simple and complex spikes?
1) Simple spike number increased Complex spike number stayed the same 2) Complex Increased 3) Complex spike number returned to normal level Simple spike number decreased
LTD in Purkinje cell neurons:
1) Activation of metabotropic ____ (neurotransmitter) receptors that are ___-coupled triggers activation of ____ ___ and ___ ___ ___.
2) The net effect is (increase/reduction) of ____ receptors on the plasma membrane.
1) Glutamate Gq Phospholipase C Protein kinase C 2) Reduction AMPA
1) The cerebrocerebellum is responsible for ____ ____. Damage to this region affects the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).
2) The intermediate spinocerebellum is responsible for ____ descending motor control and the vermis of the spinocerebellum is responsible for ____ descending motor control. Damage to the spinocerebellum would affect the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).
3) The vestibulocerebellum is responsible for ____ and ___ ___. Damage to this region would affect the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).
1) Motor planning Ipsilateral 2) Lateral Medial Both 3) Balance Eye movement Both
Symptoms of cerebrocerebellar damage:
1) Delays in ____ and ____ of movement
2) ____ ____ at the end of movement
3) Disorders in temporal ____ of movements involving ____
1) Initiation Termination 2) Terminal tremor 3) Coordination Joints
Symptoms of intermediate spinocerebellar damage:
1) _____ (decreased muscle ___) due to (increased/decreased) activity of ____ ___ neurons
2) ____ and “___ ___” wide ___ gait, which (improves/remains abnormal) when lying down
1) Hypotonia Tone Decreased Gamma motor neurons 2) Ataxia Drunken sailor Leg Remains abnormal
Main symptom of vermis spinocerebellar damage:
____ control and ___ are affected (due to ____ input)
Facial
Speech
Trigeminal
Alcoholism degenerates the ____ ____.
Anterior vermis
Symptoms of vestibulocerebellar damage:
1) Disturbed ___
2) ____
3) Problems coordinating ___ and ____ movement
4) Wide ____ stance, which (improves/remains abnormal) when lying down
1) Balance
2) Ataxia
3) Eye and body
4) Leg
Improves
____ ____ is caused by an underdeveloped or missing cerebellum. How do people with this disease move? Is this disease more common in humans or cats?
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Walk on all fours
Cats
Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) is caused by ____ repeats in the ___ ___ protein. It is an ___ ___ condition.
CAG
Ataxin 1
Autosomal dominant
1) Less than ____ repeats puts the individual at no risk for developing spinocerebellar ataxia 1.
2) ___-___ repeats puts the individual at an increased risk of developing the disease and the possibility of passing the disease along to offspring is less than ___%.
3) ___-___ repeats means that the individual will develop spinocerebellar ataxia 1. The risk of passing the disease along to offspring is ____%.
1) 38
2) 39-40
50
3) 41-49
50
Symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxia 1:
1) ___
2) Impaired movement of muscles used for ___
3) ___ impairment
1) Ataxia
2) Speech
3) Cognitive
