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Neurobiology I > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum provides input to ___ ___ neurons to control _____.

A

Local circuit

Movement

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2
Q

Does the cerebellum develop pre- or post-natally?

A

Post-natally

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3
Q

The cerebellum contains more than ____% of the neurons in the brain.

A

50

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4
Q

The neurons of the cerebellum are arranged in a regular ___. They are divided into distinct ____ that make connections with different areas of the ___.

A

Pattern
Regions
Brain

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5
Q

Is the cerebellum required for perception or muscle contraction?

A

No

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6
Q

The cerebellum (directly/indirectly) regulates movement by adjusting the output of major descending _____ systems of the brain.

A

Indirectly

Motor

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7
Q

Symptoms of cerebellar lesions:

1) Disrupted coordination of ___ and ____ movements
2) Impaired ____
3) Decreased ____ tone

A

1) Eye
Limb
2) Balance
3) Muscle

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8
Q

What area of the brain plans movements?

A

Motor cortex

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9
Q

The cerebellum functions as a _____ that compensates for errors in ____ by comparing ____ and ____.

A

Comparator
Movement
Intention
Performance

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10
Q

The ____ and ____ information about performance of movement go to the _____ and is compared to information from the ____ about plans for movement. The ____ then sends out instructions for ____ proper movement or ____ improper movement.

A 
Vestibular
Proprioceptive
Cerebellum
Cortex
Cerebellum
Continuing
Altering
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11
Q

All information coming in or out of the cerebellum passes through (small/large) bundles of axons called cerebellar ____. They connect the cerebellum with the rest of the ____. How many of these are on each side of the cerebellum?

A

Large
Peduncles
Brain
3

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12
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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13
Q

1) The superior peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.
2) The middle peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.
3) The inferior peduncles are (efferent/afferent/either) axons that connect the ____ to the ____.

A 
1) Efferent
Cerebellum
Thalamus
2) Afferent
Cortex
Cerebellum
3) Either
Cerebellum and spinal cord
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14
Q

Of the 3 categories of cerebellar peduncles, which is the largest?

A

Middle

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15
Q 
Which peduncle carries most of the information from the cortex into the cerebellum? 
A) Superior
B) Middle
C) Inferior
D) More than one of the above
A

B) Middle

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16
Q

The cerebellar cortex is divided into 3 regions. Name them.

A

Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

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17
Q

1) The cerebrocerebellum gets input from the ____.
2) The spinocerebellum gets input from the ____, ___ ___, _____ nerve, ____ and ____ systems, and ___ nuclei.
3) The vestibulocerebellum gets input from the ___ nuclei.

A

1) Cortex
2) Brainstem
Spinal cord
Trigeminal nerve
Auditory
Visual
Vestibular
3) Vestibular

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18
Q

The spinocerebellum is located ____ to the cerebrocerebellum. Both the spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum are located ____ to the vestibulocerebellum.

A

Medial

Superior

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19
Q

The spinocerebellum is further divided into what 2 subregions? Which one is located laterally and which one is located medially?

A

Intermediate (lateral)

Vermis (medial)

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20
Q

The cerebellum, like the somatosensory and motor cortices, has a ____ representing control over different regions of the body. What are 2 ways in which is it different from those of the somatosensory and motor cortices?

A

Homunculus
Doesn’t represent entire body
Some areas of body are repeated

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21
Q

Speech slurring when drunk is due to alcohol affecting the ____ part of the _______ (cerebellar cortex region).

A

Anterior

Spinocerebellum

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22
Q

The cerebellar cortex outputs information to the ____ ___ ____. Are these located on one or both sides of the cerebellum?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Both

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of deep cerebellar nuclei? Which one exists as a pair?

A

Dentate nucleus
Interposed nuclei (pair)
Fastigial nucleus

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24
Q

Cerebellar INPUTS (part 1):

1) Most information from the ___ ____ travels down to the ____ and synapses on the ____ ____.
2) Information then travels (ispilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ _____ ____ to the _______.

A 
1) Frontal cortex 
Pons
Pontine nuclei
2) Contralaterally
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Cerebrocerebellum
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25
Q

Cerebellar INPUTS (part 2):

1) Information from the _____ _____ can also travel to the ___ ___ of the ____ and ____.
2) Information then travels to the ____ ____ of the ____.
3) Information finally travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ___ ___ to the ______.

A 
1)Frontal cortex
Red nucleus
Midbrain and pons
2) Inferior olive
Medulla
3) Contralaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Cerebrocerebellum
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26
Q 
Cerebellar INPUTS (part 3): 
The \_\_\_ \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ \_\_\_ send \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ information (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
A 
Spinal cord
Vestibular nuclei
Proprioceptive
Vestibular
Ipsilaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Cerebellar cortex
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27
Q

Afferent information traveling along the MIDDLE cerebellar peduncle comes from the ____ side(s) of the brain/brainstem.
A) Contralateral
B) Ipsilateral
C) Both

A

A) Contralateral

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28
Q

Afferent information traveling along the INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle comes from the _____ side(s) of the brain/brainstem.
A) Contralateral
B) Ipsilateral
C) Both

A

C) Both

Inferior olive sends information contralaterally; spinal cord and vestibular nuclei send information ipsilaterally

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29
Q

Information going across the middle cerebellar peduncle will synapse in the more (anterior/posterior) part of the cerebellum and information going across the inferior cerebellar peduncle will synapse in the more (anterior/posterior) part of the cerebellum.

A

Anterior

Posterior

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30
Q

Are the deep cerebellar nuclei considered to be part of the official cerebellum? If not, why?

A

No- are evolutionarily related to vestibular nuclei

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31
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 1):

1) Information leaving the cerebellar cortex travels to the ___ ___ ___. Which two types of these receive the information/synapses?
2) Information then travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the _____ ____ ____ and synapses in the ____ ____ (___) of the _____.
3) Information finally travels to the _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____.

A 
1) Deep cerebellar nuclei
Dentate and interposed
2) Contralaterally
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Ventral lateral (VL) 
Thalamus
3) Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
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32
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 2):
Information from the dentate and interposed deep cerebellar nuclei can also travel (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ___ ___ and synapse in the ___ ____. What does this latter structure control?

A

Contralaterally
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior colliculus
Eye movement

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33
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to cortical systems (part 3):
A small amount of information from the cerebellar cortex can travel back to the ___ ____ and from there to the ___ ___, creating a feedback loop.

A

Red nucleus

Inferior olive

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34
Q

In general, the motor cortex controls the (ipsilateral/contralateral) body side and the cerebrocerebellum controls the (ipsilateral/contralateral) body side.

A

Contralateral

Ipsilateral

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35
Q

Information from the right motor cortex would be sent to the (left/right) cerebrocerebellum. That side of the cerebrocerebellum would send information to the (left/right) side of the body.

A

Left (both)

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36
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 1):

1) Information from the cerebellar cortex travels to the ____ and ____ ____ ____ ____.
2) Information travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ____ ____ to the ___ ___.
3) Information can then travel to the ____ ____.

A 
1) Dentate and interposed
Deep cerebellar nuclei
2) Contralaterally
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior colliculus
3) Reticular formation
37
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 2):

1) Information from the cerebellar cortex travels to the ____ _____ _____ _____.
2) Information travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ___ ____ ____ to the ___ ____ or ____ ____.

A

1) Fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei
2) Ipsilaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Superior colliculus
Reticular formation

38
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 3):

Information from the cerebellar cortex travels (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) through the ____ ____ ___ to the ___ ___.

A

Ipsilaterally
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibular nuclei

39
Q

Cerebellar OUTPUTS to brainstem (part 4):
Information from the reticular formation and vestibular nuclei can travel along the ____ ____ ___ ___ tracts to the ___ ___ ___ of the ___ ____ ___. Of what does this pathway enable control?

A

Anterior medial white matter tracts
Lower motor neurons
Medial ventral horn
Posture

40
Q

In general, damage to the spinocerebellum will have effects on the (contralateral/ipsilateral/both) body side(s).

A

Both

41
Q

List the deep cerebellar nuclei in order from most medial to most lateral.

A

Medial to lateral:
Fastigial nuclei
Interposed nuclei
Dentate nuclei

42
Q

Corticopontine inputs travel through the ____ cerebellar peduncle and synapse (ipsilaterally/contralaterally) in which part of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle
Contralaterally
Cerebrocerebellum

43
Q

Spinal and trigeminal inputs synapse in what part of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Spinocerebellum (intermediate and vermis)

44
Q

Visual and auditory inputs synapse in the ___ of what part of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Vermis

Spinocerebellum

45
Q

Vestibular inputs synapse in what parts of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Vermis of spinocerebellum

46
Q

The dentate nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ____ cerebellar peduncle to the ____ and ____ ____. This information is used for what?

A

Cerebrocerebellum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Motor and premotor cortices
Motor planning

47
Q

The interposed nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ____ cerebellar peduncle to control the ____ descending systems. This information is used for what?

A

Intermediate spinocerebellum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Lateral descending systems
Limb movement

48
Q

The fastigial nuclei receive information from what region of the cerebellar cortex? They send information along the ___ cerebellar peduncle to control the ____ descending systems. This information is used for what?

A

Vermis of spinocerebellum
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Medial descending systems
Posture

49
Q

The vestibulocerebellum sends information along the ___ cerebellar peduncle to the ___ ___. This information is used for what?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibular nuclei
Balance and eye movement

50
Q

Efferent information from the spinocerebellum vermis travels from the ____ nuclei to regulate the ____.
A) Fastigial, lateral descending systems
B) Fastigial medial descending systems
C) Interposed, lateral descending systems
D) Interposed, medial descending systems

A

B) Fastigial, medial descending systems

51
Q

Nissl stain shows (cell bodies/axons and dendrites), whereas neurofilament stain shows (cell bodies/axons and dendrites).

A

Cell bodies

Axons and dendrites

52
Q

What cell type is highly abundant in the cerebellum? Does it stain darkly with Nissl or neurofilament stain?

A

Granule cells

Nissl

53
Q

Name 4 layers of the cerebellum going from most lateral to most medial.

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granule cells
White matter

54
Q

The molecular layer contains ____ of ____ cells, whereas the Purkinje layer contains ___ ___ of ____ cells.

A

Dendrites
Purkinje cells
Cell bodies
Purkinje cells

55
Q

The white matter layer contains (efferent/afferent) axons of ___ and ___ fibers.

A

Afferent
Mossy
Climbing

56
Q

What are the 2 types of cerebellar afferents?

A

Mossy and climbing fibers

57
Q

Climbing fibers come from the ___ ___, whereas mossy fibers can come from the ____, ___ ___, or ___ ___.

A

Inferior olive
Pons
Vestibular nuclei
Spinal cord

58
Q

The ___ ___ are considered to be cerebellar efferents. They have their cell bodies in the ___ ____ and send their axons out to other regions.

A

Purkinje cells

Cerebellar cortex

59
Q

What are 3 types of cerebellar interneurons? They have both their cell bodies and axons in the ___ ___.

A

Golgi cells
Basket cells
Stellate cells
Cerebellar cortex

60
Q

Granule cells receive input from ____ ___ and have their cell bodies in the ___. They send their axons up to the surface of the ____, where they ____ and run ____. Thus, the granule cell axons are also called ___ ___.

A 
Mossy fibers
Cerebellum
Cerebellum 
Bifurcate
Parallel
Parallel fibers
61
Q

The mossy fibers release ____ (neurotransmitter) and synapse on ___ ___.

A

Glutamate

Granule cells

62
Q

The granule cells release ____ (neurotransmitter) and send their axons/parallel fibers through (one/multiple) ___ ___, making (one/a couple) of synapse(s) on each.

A

Glutamate
Multiple
Purkinje neurons
A couple

63
Q

The climbing fibers release _____ (neurotransmitter). Each will wrap around a ___ ___, creating (one/thousands) of synapses.

A

Glutamate
Purkinje neuron
Thousands

64
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei can receive input from the ___ ___ as well as ____ and ____ ____. Which one(s) release(s) GABA and will inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei, and which one(s) release(s) glutamate and will excite the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A 
Purkinje cells (GABA, inhibit)
Mossy and climbing fibers (glutamate, excite)
65
Q

Cortical inhibitory loop of cerebellum:
____ and ____ fibers (the later acting through the ___ ___) (excite/inhibit) the ___ ___, which (inhibit/excite) the ___ ___ ___.

A 
Climbing and mossy fibers
Granule cells
Excite
Purkinje neurons
Inhibit
Deep cerebellar nuclei
66
Q

Deep excitatory loop of cerebellum:

____ and ____ fibers directly (excite/inhibit) the ___ ___ ____.

A

Climbing and mossy fibers
Excite
Deep cerebellar nuclei

67
Q

The basket and Golgi cells of the cerebellum are (excitatory/inhibitory) interneurons and release what neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory

GABA

68
Q

The basket cells receive input from one group of adjacent ___ ___ and send their axons to ___ ___ of the other adjacent band for an effect of (excitation/inhibition).

A

Parallel fibers
Purkinje neurons
Inhibition

69
Q

The Golgi cells receive input from one group of ___ ___ and synapses on the (same/other adjacent) ____ and ___ ___ that excited them for a total effect of ____.

A 
Parallel fibers
Same
Parallel 
Mossy
Inhibition
70
Q 
What type of cerebellar neuron has its axon and dendrites in different cerebellar bands? 
A) Purkinje
B) Basket
C) Golgi
D) Granule cell
E) More than one of the above
A

B) Basket

71
Q

In a Purkinje cell, the dendrite branches receive synapses from the (parallel/climbing) fibers, whereas the main dendrite receives synapses from the (parallel/climbing) fibers.

A

Parallel

Climbing

72
Q

Each parallel fiber has (a couple/many) synapses on each Purkinje neuron and synapses on (a couple/multiple) Purkinje neurons.

A

A couple

Multiple

73
Q

Each Purkinje neuron receives synapses from ____ to ____ parallel fibers.

A

150,000

200,000

74
Q

Granule cell/parallel fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials are seen as (simple/complex) spikes, whereas climbing fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials are seen as (simple/complex) spikes.

A

Simple

Complex

75
Q

Granule cell/parallel fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials fire at a (low/high) frequency and (one/many) input(s) are required to generate an action potential.

A

High

Many

76
Q

Climbing fiber-mediated Purkinje cell action potentials fire at a (low/high) frequency and (one/many) input(s) are required to generate an action potential. These action potentials are thought to serve a ____ role.

A

Low
One
Modulatory

77
Q

Concurrent stimulation of ___ and ___ fibers (increases/reduces) the strength of ___ fiber input in Purkinje cells, leading to (LTP/LTD).

A

Climbing
Parallel
Parallel
LTD

78
Q

Wrist movement and Purkinje cell action potential experiment:

1) As the weight increased, what happened to the number of simple and complex spikes?
2) When there was an unexpected change in the load, the number of ___ spikes (increased/decreased).
3) Following adaptation to the new load, what happened to the number of simple and complex spikes?

A 
1) Simple spike number increased
Complex spike number stayed the same
2) Complex
Increased
3) Complex spike number returned to normal level
Simple spike number decreased
79
Q

LTD in Purkinje cell neurons:

1) Activation of metabotropic ____ (neurotransmitter) receptors that are ___-coupled triggers activation of ____ ___ and ___ ___ ___.
2) The net effect is (increase/reduction) of ____ receptors on the plasma membrane.

A 
1) Glutamate
Gq
Phospholipase C
Protein kinase C
2) Reduction
AMPA
80
Q

1) The cerebrocerebellum is responsible for ____ ____. Damage to this region affects the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).
2) The intermediate spinocerebellum is responsible for ____ descending motor control and the vermis of the spinocerebellum is responsible for ____ descending motor control. Damage to the spinocerebellum would affect the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).
3) The vestibulocerebellum is responsible for ____ and ___ ___. Damage to this region would affect the (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) body region(s).

A 
1) Motor planning
Ipsilateral
2) Lateral
Medial
Both
3) Balance
Eye movement
Both
81
Q

Symptoms of cerebrocerebellar damage:

1) Delays in ____ and ____ of movement
2) ____ ____ at the end of movement
3) Disorders in temporal ____ of movements involving ____

A 
1) Initiation
Termination
2) Terminal tremor
3) Coordination
Joints
82
Q

Symptoms of intermediate spinocerebellar damage:

1) _____ (decreased muscle ___) due to (increased/decreased) activity of ____ ___ neurons
2) ____ and “___ ___” wide ___ gait, which (improves/remains abnormal) when lying down

A 
1) Hypotonia
Tone
Decreased
Gamma motor neurons
2) Ataxia
Drunken sailor
Leg
Remains abnormal
83
Q

Main symptom of vermis spinocerebellar damage:

____ control and ___ are affected (due to ____ input)

A

Facial
Speech
Trigeminal

84
Q

Alcoholism degenerates the ____ ____.

A

Anterior vermis

85
Q

Symptoms of vestibulocerebellar damage:

1) Disturbed ___
2) ____
3) Problems coordinating ___ and ____ movement
4) Wide ____ stance, which (improves/remains abnormal) when lying down

A

1) Balance
2) Ataxia
3) Eye and body
4) Leg
Improves

86
Q

____ ____ is caused by an underdeveloped or missing cerebellum. How do people with this disease move? Is this disease more common in humans or cats?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia
Walk on all fours
Cats

87
Q

Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) is caused by ____ repeats in the ___ ___ protein. It is an ___ ___ condition.

A

CAG
Ataxin 1
Autosomal dominant

88
Q

1) Less than ____ repeats puts the individual at no risk for developing spinocerebellar ataxia 1.
2) ___-___ repeats puts the individual at an increased risk of developing the disease and the possibility of passing the disease along to offspring is less than ___%.
3) ___-___ repeats means that the individual will develop spinocerebellar ataxia 1. The risk of passing the disease along to offspring is ____%.

A

1) 38
2) 39-40
50
3) 41-49
50

89
Q

Symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxia 1:

1) ___
2) Impaired movement of muscles used for ___
3) ___ impairment

A

1) Ataxia
2) Speech
3) Cognitive

Neurobiology I (18 decks)

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