TA Research Presentations Flashcards
Cephalopod project goal:
Investigate ___ and ___ processes by which cephalopods execute ___ control in response to various stimuli
Physiological
Neural
Motor control
What are 3 examples of cephalopods?
Squid
Cuttlefish
Octopus
Examples of interesting cephalopod behavior:
1) ____ of skin
2) Performance on tests of ____ ___ and ____
3) ____ movement
1) Camouflage
2) Problem solving
Memory
3) Arm
Cephalopods move using a ____ _____ system rather than with bones and joints. The principle behind this system is that water can be transferred upon ____.
Muscular hydrostat
Compression
What type of muscles do cephalopods have? What 2 molecules usually needed for movement can they move without? How energy efficient is this type of movement?
Catch muscles
ATP, myosin
Very energy efficient
Has the neurological system of cephalopods been completely figured out? Much of the cephalopod nervous system is outside of the ____. Each octopus arm has its own ____ that communicates with the ____ and may act semi-_______ to move the arm.
No Brain Ganglion Brain Autonomously
What part of the cephalopod enables sensation?
Suckers
Octopuses cannot discriminate between rectangles at ___ angles. This indicates a difference of neural mechanisms for ____ of ____ stimuli.
Oblique
Perception
Visual
What are the 2 types of cells cephalopods have in their skin that enable camouflage?
Chromatophores
Iridiphores
Cephalopod chromatophores are ____ that can change the ____ of skin, whereas the iridiphores ____ light and make it seem that the animal is changing colors based on the ____ at which it is seen.
Pigments
Color
Reflect
Angle
Neural control of skin coloration in cephalopods:
Cutting specific nerves affected coloration of cephalopods as controlled by what cell type? This coloration is controlled by both the ____ nervous and ___ nervous systems.
Chromatophores
Central
Peripheral
3 goals of cephalopod project:
1) Establishing a ____ for cephalopods used in research
2) Running ____ assessments to learn about cephalopod ____
3) ______ imaging to investigate physical mechanisms of ____ control in octopus ___
1) Habitat
2) Behavioral
Movement
3) Neurophysiological imaging
Neural
Arms
DeepLab Cut is a software program used for studying what? It tracks what during what type of experiments and learns to recognize what?
Animal movement
Specific points on animals
Behavioral experiments
Patterns of movement
Assessment of what type of behavioral movement was done in the cephalopod project? What 3 areas of the cephalopod were specifically being tracked?
Tracking cuttlefish attacking a screen projecting a shrimp
Eye movement
Body position
Tentacle projection/shooting out
Neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project was done using ____ staining with _____ and ___ ___ microscopy.
Immunohistochemical
Antibodies
Two photon
2 advantages to two photon imaging:
1) Less ____ to tissue than traditional fluorescent or confocal microscopy
2) Can be used in ____ tissues
1) Damage
2) Living
Neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project was used to view _____ and _____ associated with the ____.
Neurons
Muscles
Suckers
For neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project, what enzyme could be used with antibodies in future studies to enable further penetration?
Protease
Cephalopods offer the opportunity to study ____ and ___ ___ in a unique model system.
Intelligence
Cognitive processing
Cue-evoked response: integration of different ____ stimuli that affect ____ responses and ___.
Sensory
Body
Behavior
Learning naturally promotes what? Behavior directs animals towards ____ and away from ____.
Survival
Rewards
Harm
Cue-evoked responses are necessary for the execution of ____ ____. It is related to ____ and ____ conditioning.
Reward seeking
Classical
Operant
The basal ganglia controls ____ and ____.
Motivation
Movement
The cue-evoked behavior project mainly investigates the effects of ____ (neurotransmitter) in the _____ and _____ (regions of brain).
Dopamine
Ventral tegmental area
Substantia nigra pars compacta
Dopamine signaling is seen in response to natural _____. This signal can be modulated based on the degree to which the ____ is ____.
Rewards
Reward
Expected
In the cue-evoked behavior project, _____ activation of ____ neurons in the ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ____ __ was used to investigate rodent behavior. How were the patterns of movement different depending on which area was activated?
Optogenetic
Dopaminergic
Substantia nigra pars compacta
Ventral tegmental area
Ventral tegmental: rodent moved directly toward conditioned stimulus (light)
Substantia nigra pars compacta: rodent moved in circles
Dysfunctions in cue-processing circuitry underlies what 4 disorders?
Parkinson’s
Addiction
Depression
OCD
In addiction, there are changes in ___ ___ circuits.
Motivational dopamine
Addiction can decrease the brain’s ____ to rewards while still increasing the ____ of the response that a reward will trigger.
Sensitivity
Expectation
How does cue-evoked relapse work?
Cues can produce symptoms of withdrawal and trigger relapse even after a full period of extinction
The cue-evoked behavior project used what drug in experiments? Imaging of ___ and ___ was used along with what movement tracking software? In addition to light as a conditioned stimulus, what 2 direct rewards were used with the rodents?
Cocaine Calcium Dopamine DeepLab cut Drug injection, food
Use of DeepLab cut in the cue-evoked behavior project was used to track movements of the rodents in response to ____.
Cues
