TA Research Presentations

Question 1

Cephalopod project goal:

Investigate ___ and ___ processes by which cephalopods execute ___ control in response to various stimuli

Answer 1

Physiological
Neural
Motor control

Question 2

What are 3 examples of cephalopods?

Answer 2

Squid
Cuttlefish
Octopus

Question 3

Examples of interesting cephalopod behavior:

1) ____ of skin
2) Performance on tests of ____ ___ and ____
3) ____ movement

Answer 3

1) Camouflage
2) Problem solving
Memory
3) Arm

Question 4

Cephalopods move using a ____ _____ system rather than with bones and joints. The principle behind this system is that water can be transferred upon ____.

Answer 4

Muscular hydrostat

Compression

Question 5

What type of muscles do cephalopods have? What 2 molecules usually needed for movement can they move without? How energy efficient is this type of movement?

Answer 5

Catch muscles
ATP, myosin
Very energy efficient

Question 6

Has the neurological system of cephalopods been completely figured out? Much of the cephalopod nervous system is outside of the ____. Each octopus arm has its own ____ that communicates with the ____ and may act semi-_______ to move the arm.

Answer 6

No
Brain
Ganglion
Brain
Autonomously

Question 7

What part of the cephalopod enables sensation?

Answer 7

Suckers

Question 8

Octopuses cannot discriminate between rectangles at ___ angles. This indicates a difference of neural mechanisms for ____ of ____ stimuli.

Answer 8

Oblique
Perception
Visual

Question 9

What are the 2 types of cells cephalopods have in their skin that enable camouflage?

Answer 9

Chromatophores

Iridiphores

Question 10

Cephalopod chromatophores are ____ that can change the ____ of skin, whereas the iridiphores ____ light and make it seem that the animal is changing colors based on the ____ at which it is seen.

Answer 10

Pigments
Color
Reflect
Angle

Question 11

Neural control of skin coloration in cephalopods:
Cutting specific nerves affected coloration of cephalopods as controlled by what cell type? This coloration is controlled by both the ____ nervous and ___ nervous systems.

Answer 11

Chromatophores
Central
Peripheral

Question 12

3 goals of cephalopod project:

1) Establishing a ____ for cephalopods used in research
2) Running ____ assessments to learn about cephalopod ____
3) ______ imaging to investigate physical mechanisms of ____ control in octopus ___

Answer 12

1) Habitat
2) Behavioral
Movement
3) Neurophysiological imaging
Neural
Arms

Question 13

DeepLab Cut is a software program used for studying what? It tracks what during what type of experiments and learns to recognize what?

Answer 13

Animal movement
Specific points on animals
Behavioral experiments
Patterns of movement

Question 14

Assessment of what type of behavioral movement was done in the cephalopod project? What 3 areas of the cephalopod were specifically being tracked?

Answer 14

Tracking cuttlefish attacking a screen projecting a shrimp
Eye movement
Body position
Tentacle projection/shooting out

Question 15

Neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project was done using ____ staining with _____ and ___ ___ microscopy.

Answer 15

Immunohistochemical
Antibodies
Two photon

Question 16

2 advantages to two photon imaging:

1) Less ____ to tissue than traditional fluorescent or confocal microscopy
2) Can be used in ____ tissues

Answer 16

1) Damage

2) Living

Question 17

Neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project was used to view _____ and _____ associated with the ____.

Answer 17

Neurons
Muscles
Suckers

Question 18

For neurophysiological imaging in the cephalopod project, what enzyme could be used with antibodies in future studies to enable further penetration?

Answer 18

Protease

Question 19

Cephalopods offer the opportunity to study ____ and ___ ___ in a unique model system.

Answer 19

Intelligence

Cognitive processing

Question 20

Cue-evoked response: integration of different ____ stimuli that affect ____ responses and ___.

Answer 20

Sensory
Body
Behavior

Question 21

Learning naturally promotes what? Behavior directs animals towards ____ and away from ____.

Answer 21

Survival
Rewards
Harm

Question 22

Cue-evoked responses are necessary for the execution of ____ ____. It is related to ____ and ____ conditioning.

Answer 22

Reward seeking
Classical
Operant

Question 23

The basal ganglia controls ____ and ____.

Answer 23

Motivation

Movement

Question 24

The cue-evoked behavior project mainly investigates the effects of ____ (neurotransmitter) in the _____ and _____ (regions of brain).

Answer 24

Dopamine
Ventral tegmental area
Substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 25

Dopamine signaling is seen in response to natural _____. This signal can be modulated based on the degree to which the ____ is ____.

Answer 25

Rewards
Reward
Expected

Question 26

In the cue-evoked behavior project, _____ activation of ____ neurons in the ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ____ __ was used to investigate rodent behavior. How were the patterns of movement different depending on which area was activated?

Answer 26

Optogenetic
Dopaminergic
Substantia nigra pars compacta
Ventral tegmental area
Ventral tegmental: rodent moved directly toward conditioned stimulus (light)
Substantia nigra pars compacta: rodent moved in circles

Question 27

Dysfunctions in cue-processing circuitry underlies what 4 disorders?

Answer 27

Parkinson’s
Addiction
Depression
OCD

Question 28

In addiction, there are changes in ___ ___ circuits.

Answer 28

Motivational dopamine

Question 29

Addiction can decrease the brain’s ____ to rewards while still increasing the ____ of the response that a reward will trigger.

Answer 29

Sensitivity

Expectation

Question 30

How does cue-evoked relapse work?

Answer 30

Cues can produce symptoms of withdrawal and trigger relapse even after a full period of extinction

Question 31

The cue-evoked behavior project used what drug in experiments? Imaging of ___ and ___ was used along with what movement tracking software? In addition to light as a conditioned stimulus, what 2 direct rewards were used with the rodents?

Answer 31

Cocaine
Calcium 
Dopamine
DeepLab cut
Drug injection, food

Question 32

Use of DeepLab cut in the cue-evoked behavior project was used to track movements of the rodents in response to ____.

Answer 32

Cues