Synaptic Transmission Flashcards
1
Q
Golgi staining of neurons is based on the precipitation of ____ ions and reveals detailed morphology of ____ ___.
A
Silver
Single cells
2
Q
Reticular theory vs neuron doctrine: what does each state and which one is correct?
A
Reticular theory: neurons are a network that is one continuous connection (incorrect)
Neuron theory: neurons are separate cells with space between them; one cell must release and the other must detect (correct)
3
Q
Synaptic cleft
A
Gap between pre- and post-synaptic neuron
4
Q
Action potential causes release of _____ from the ___- synaptic terminal.
A
Neurotransmitters
Pre
5
Q
Binding of neurotransmitter causes what to open on the post-synaptic neuron?
A
Ion channels
6
Q
Ions flowing through channels causes change in the resting membrane potential of what on the post-synaptic cell?
A
Dendrites
7
Q
Changes in membrane potential from dendrites is “integrated” where?
A
Axon hillock
8
Q
The axon ___ ___ is enriched in voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels.
A
Initial segment
9
Q
If the membrane potential is above threshold, voltage-gated channels in the axon will do what?
A
Fire an action potential
10
Q
The action potential travels what way down the axon?
A
Distally
11
Q
Which is more common, a chemical or electrical synapse?
A
Chemical
12
Q
In an electrical synapse, ____ flow from one cell to another through what?
A
Ions
Gap junction
13
Q
A gap junction creates a ____ channel.
A
Continuous
14
Q
Are the channels in electrical synapses ever closed?
A
No- they are always open
15
Q
Is the distance between cells in an electrical synapse large or small?
A
Small
16
Q
Is the pore size in an electrical synapse large or small? What 3 things can pass through the pores of an electrical synapse?
A
Large
Ions, ATP, neurotransmitters
17
Q
What is the directionality of an electrical synapse?
A
Bidirectional
18
Q
Is the speed of an electrical synapse fast or slow? How much time between pre- and post-synaptic neurons firing?
A
Fast
Less than 1 ms
19
Q
Can many or few things modulate an electrical synapse?
A
Few
20
Q
In a chemical synapse, a pre-synaptic neuron releases a _____ that binds to a post-synaptic neuron’s ____, causing an ____ ____.
A
Chemical
Receptors
Action potential
21
Q
Is the distance between cells in a chemical synapse larger or smaller than that of an electrical synapse? Relatively speaking, is it large or small?
A
Larger
Small
22
Q
Is the pore size of a chemical synapse larger or smaller than that of an electrical synapse? What can pass through it?
A
Smaller
Only ions
23
Q
What is the directionality of a chemical synapse?
A
Unidirectional
24
Q
Is the speed of a chemical synapse fast or slow? In comparison to an electrical synapse? How much time between pre- and post-synaptic neurons firing?
A
Fast
Slow
2-3 ms
25
Can many or few things modulate a chemical synapse?
Many
26
In a chemical synapse, are synaptic vesicles found on the pre- or post-synaptic side?
Pre-synaptic side
27
In a chemical synapse, is the pre- or post-synaptic side denser?
Post-synaptic side
28
A glioblastoma tumor cell forms what kind of synapse because it functions as a part of the synapse? What type of polarization feeds the tumor cell?
```
Tripartite synapse (interacts with synapse)
Depolarization
```
29
In what type of synapse can signals such as ions travel directly from one cell to another without passing through the extracellular space?
Electrical synapse
30
Neurons signal to each other through what?
Neurotransmitters
31
In an experiment to determine how neurons signal to each other, 2 frog hearts were connected to each other how? When the vagus nerve of the first heart was stimulated, causing the force and frequency of heartbeat to go down, what happened to the next? What does that prove?
Containers- solution could flow from one heart to another
Force and frequency of heartbeat also went down
Neurons release something that enables signalling
32
The neuromuscular junction is made up of what synapsing on what?
Motor neuron
| Muscle fiber
33
In a muscle fiber, what happens when depolarization brings membrane potential above threshold?
Muscle contracts
34
What is the end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
Synapse of the neuromuscular junction
35
What is the end plate potential?
Depolarization of muscle fiber before contraction
36
What is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
37
In reference to the end plate of the neuromuscular junction, what is a "mini" and what is it caused by?
Small depolarization
| Release of synaptic vesicles from pre-synaptic side
38
Studying minis at the neuromuscular junction requires blocking the ____ channels using TTX so that what doesn't occur?
Na
| Action potential
39
In regards to minis at the neuromuscular junction, what is spontaneous vs evoked release?
Evoked release is when the minis are synchronized due to stimulation of the motor axon, whereas spontaneous release involves waiting and watching (not synchronized)
40
The mini end plate potential (mEPP) changes in amplitude by a factor of x (x, 2x, 3x, 4x). What is x measuring?
How much pre-synaptic cell causes depolarization in post-synaptic cell
41
In regards to mini end plate potential (mEPP), what is a quantum?
Amount of post-synaptic depolarization caused by the release of neurotransmitter from 1 synaptic vesicle
42
Graphically, what is the relationship between quanta and vesicles?
Linear- quanta are directly related to number of vesicles fusing
43
Experimenting with 4-aminopyridine that blocks voltage-gated K+ channels, what is the effect on depolarization? What does this mean for the number of synaptic vesicles released?
Prolonged depolarization
| More synaptic vesicles released
44
When the motor axon is stimulated, the synaptic vesicles wind up opening into where because they fuse with what?
Synaptic cleft
| Plasma membrane
45
A mini in a neuron can be classified what 2 ways depending on what effect it has on the post-synaptic neuron?
Excitatory (mEPSP- mini excitatory post-synaptic potential)
| Inhibitory (mIPSP- mini inhibitory post-synaptic potential)
46
The amplitude of a mini caused by a single synaptic vesicle is proportional to what?
Strength of synapse
47
The frequency of minis is proportional to what?
Number of synapses
48
The amplitude of depolarization curve comes in multiples of ____ content?
Quantal
49
In an excitatory or inhibitory mini in a neuron, what ion binds what molecule to cause vesicle fusion and release?
Ca+2
| Synaptotagmin
50
Once a neurotransmitter is released, it crosses what to bind to what?
Synaptic cleft
| Ligand-gated ion channel receptors
51
Binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor causes a small net post-synaptic ____ for a mEPSP (mini excitatory post synaptic potential) or ____ for a mIPSP (mini inhibitory post synaptic potential).
Depolarization
| Hyperpolarization
52
Does Ca+2 indicator bind free or bound Ca+2? During an action potential in an axon, there is a transient increase in what type of Ca+2?
Free (answer for both)
53
Injecting Ca+2 in the pre-synaptic side causes what change in membrane potential on what side? Does it cause an action potential on the pre-synaptic side?
Increase
Post-synaptic
No
54
What effect does injecting a Ca+2 chelator have on pre vs post synaptic membrane potential? What can be concluded from this experiment?
Pre-synaptic: no effect
Post-synaptic: no increase in membrane potential
Ca+2 isn't required for pre-synaptic action potential, but is for post-synaptic action potential
55
Adding cadmium on the extracellular side does what to the Ca+2 channels? When cadmium is added, what happens to the pre-synaptic Ca+2 current and post-synaptic membrane potential? What can be concluded from this experiment?
Blocks them
Pre-synaptic current is decreased
Post-synaptic cell isn't depolarized
Ca+2 comes from outside to inside on pre-synaptic side, triggering release of synaptic vesicles
56
Calcium can be imaged what 2 ways? How do they work? What does calcium imaging reveal about a cell?
Dye (fluorescence when Ca increases)
Indicator protein (bind to Ca, then fluoresce)
Reveals neuronal activity
57
Injecting Ca into the pre-synaptic terminal would cause what in the post-synaptic terminal?
Depolarization
58
What is the first step in synaptic transmission (caused by action potential on pre-synaptic neuron)?
Action potential causes opening of voltage-gated Ca+2 channels (located near synaptic cleft on pre-synaptic side)
59
What is the second step in synaptic transmission (what does Ca+2 bind to, and what happens then)?
Ca+2 binds to synaptotagmin, triggering release of synaptic vesicles
60
What is the third step in synaptic transmission (what do the vesicles do)?
Vesicles fuse to plasma membrane
61
What is the fourth step in synaptic transmission (what does vesicle fusing release and where)?
Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft
62
What is the fifth step in synaptic transmission (where does the neurotransmitter go and what does it bind to)?
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptor
63
What is the sixth step in synaptic transmission (what opens on the receptor and what does this cause)?
Gated channels on receptor open up, letting ions pass through
64
What is the seventh step in synaptic transmission (ion flow causes what?)
Ion flow through channels causes post-synaptic depolarization
65
What is the eighth step in synaptic transmission (what happens with the post-synaptic depolarizations, and what does that mean for the post-synaptic cell)?
Post-synaptic depolarizations get summed up- if they surpass threshold, an action potential occurs in the post-synaptic cell
66
What is the ninth step in synaptic transmission (what happens to the vesicle after it has fused and released its neurotransmitters)?
Vesicle gets recycled
67
What is the tenth step in synaptic transmission (what does the recycled vesicle fuse with)?
Recycled vesicle fuses with endosome
68
What is the eleventh step in synaptic transmission (what is the recycled vesicle filled with and what does this mean for the cycle of synaptic transmission)?
Vesicle is filled with neurotransmitter, starting cycle over
69
In the context of vesicles, what do exocytosis and endocytosis mean?
Exocytosis: release of vesicles
Endocytosis: taking vesicles in for recycling
70
What are 2 reasons why vesicles are recycled?
1. Prevention of pre-synaptic plasma membrane enlargement
| 2. Energy conservation (energetically expensive to synthesize vesicles)
71
Budding off of the synaptic vesicle involves uncoating of vesicle from what molecule?
Clathrin
72
About how long does it take to make and recycle a vesicle?
1 minute
73
In anchoring, vesicles are stored in what? What molecule keeps vesicles away from the plasma membrane?
Reserve pool
| Synapsin
74
In docking, where are vesicles brought close to? Are they close enough to fuse?
Plasma membrane
| No
75
In priming, vesicles prepare to do what?
Fuse with the plasma membrane
76
During what step of synaptic vesicle life cycle does accidental fusion happen? What does accidental fusion cause?
Priming
| Accidental fusion causes minis
77
In fusion, what molecule binds Ca+2 and enables fusing of vesicles to plasma membrane?
Synaptotagmin
78
In endocytosis, recycling and budding of vesicles is mediated by what protein?
Clathrin
79
In budding, what protein pinches off budding vesicles in order to release them?
Dynamin
80
In uncoating, vesicle loses its ____ coat and fuses with the ____. After this step, the vesicle is refilled with ____ and then ____ off the endosome. What happens to the vesicle's life cycle then?
```
Clathrin
Endosome
Neurotransmitter
Buds
Starts over
```
81
What is the name of the proteins involved in vesicle fusion? What are they called if they are on the vesicle, and what are they called if they are on the target plasma membrane?
SNARES
vSNARES
tSNARES
82
What are the 2 vSNARES?
Synaptotagmin
| Synaptobrevin
83
What are the 2 tSNARES?
Syntaxin
| SNAP-25
84
Interaction of vSNARES and tSNARES is necessary for what process?
Docking
85
Which vSNARE binds after the SNARE complex is formed in docking?
Synaptotagmin
86
What happens to synaptotagmin once Ca+2 has bound to it?
Undergoes conformational change, enabling membrane of vesicle and plasma membrane to fuse
87
Primed vesicles with SNARE complexes formed are called ____ _____.
Ready releasable
88
Botulinum toxins function as what?
Proteases
89
What is the effect of toxins cutting SNARES?
Prevention of vesicle fusion
90
BotX-A is also called ____. What SNARE does it cut, and what is the effect?
Botox
SNAP-25
Blocks skeletal muscle contraction of face (limp paralysis), reducing wrinkles
91
Tetanus toxin cleaves what SNARE? It predominately affects what type of neuron? What do these neurons normally do, so what is the effect of this toxin?
Synaptobrevin
Inhibitory interneurons
Normally inhibit muscle contraction, so permanent contraction (lockjaw) occurs
92
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is gated by what? Is it voltage dependent?
Acetylcholine
| No
93
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor opens when what binds and closes when that molecule does what?
Acetylcholine
| Comes off
94
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor passes what 2 ions according to their driving force?
K+
| Na+
95
What occurs at the reversal potential for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)? Where is that potential relative to the equilibrium potentials of Na+ and K+?
Current switches directions
| Somewhere in between equilibrium potentials for Na+ and K+
96
When a channel lets more than one ion through, it is important to think in terms of ____ current.
Net
97
At or below the equilibrium potential for K+, the net current of the nAChR is ____ and completely due to ___.
Inward
| Na+
98
Below the reversal potential for the nAChR, the net current is ____ and is due to some ____ current, but more ___ current. The influence of ____ is increasing and the influence of ____ is decreasing.
```
Inward
K+
Na+
K+
Na+
```
99
At the reversal potential for the nAChR, the net current is ____ and the Na+ and K+ currents are ____ and ____.
0
Equal
Opposite
100
At or above the equilibrium potential for Na+, the net current of the nAChR is ____ and completely due to ___.
Outward
| K+
101
For both equilibrium potential (Ex) and reversal potential (Erev), when Vm is greater, the current flows ____. When Vm is less, the current flows ____. When Vm is the same, there is ___ net current.
Outward
Inward
No
102
In inward current, the cell becomes more ___. This is also referred to as _____ of the cell.
Positive
| Depolarization
103
In outward current, the cell becomes more ___. This is also referred to as ____ of the cell.
Negative
| Hyperpolarization
104
When the outside concentration of Na+ is decreased, what happens to the equilibrium potential of Na+ and the reversal potential?
Equilibrium potential and reversal potential are decreased
105
When the outside concentration of K+ is increased, what happens to the equilibrium potential of K+ and the reversal potential?
Equilibrium potential and reversal potential are increased
106
How can the end plate current be calculated from the conductance of the AChR channel, its Vm, and its Erev?
End plate current = g of AChR (Vm-Erev)
107
How does determining the direction of current differ when using equilibrium potential vs reversal potential?
Equilibrium potential is determined for a single ion, whereas reversal potential is determined as a net current from all ions
108
4 ways to increase the amplitude of a mini (or post-synaptic Vm): neurotransmitters, vesicles released, Ca, and receptors
1. Increase amount of neurotransmitter released
2. Increase number of vesicles released
3. Increase pre-synaptic Ca
4. Increase number of receptors on post-synaptic side
109
Synaptic potential is caused by the opening of what type of channels? Action potential is caused by the opening of what type of channels?
Ligand-gated ion channels
| Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
110
Reversal potential depends on what 2 things (think I= g x DF)?
Channel conductance
| DF of ions involved
111
If reversal potential is above threshold, stimulating the channel results in a ______ in the post-synaptic neuron, also referred to as an _____ response.
Depolarization
| Excitatory
112
If reversal potential is below threshold, stimulating the channel results in a ______ in the post-synaptic neuron, also referred to as an ______ response.
Hyperpolarization
| Inhibitory
113
If the reversal potential is greater than Vrest but lower than threshold, the post-synaptic neuron will become _____, but (will/will not) reach threshold.
Depolarization
| Will not
114
Is one depolarization from an excitatory neuron enough to cause an action potential?
No
115
What effect does an inhibitory pre-synaptic neuron have on the total excitation of the post-synaptic neuron? What does that mean for an action potential of the post-synaptic neuron?
Decreases total excitation
| May prevent action potential by preventing total excitatory inputs from reaching threshold
116
In an electrical synapse, speed is limited only by what?
Rate of diffusion
117
When Ca+2 channels are blocked, can any vesicle fusion occur and why?
Yes- even though induced fusion no longer occurs, spontaneous fusion still can
