Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology I > Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The gustatory cortex and olfactory cortex are part of which lobe? Where in the brain is it located? Is it considered to be an old or young part of the brain from an evolutionary perspective?

A

Insular lobe
Center of brain
Old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The insular lobe is considered part of the (frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal/none of the above) lobe.

A

None of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is considered to be our oldest sense?

A

Olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Information from the olfactory receptors travels to the ____ ____ through ____ ____ ___. The information then passes through the ___ ___ to 4 possible targets.

A

Olfactory bulb
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 possible targets of the olfactory bulb?

A

Pyriform cortex
Olfactory tubercle
Amygdala
Entorhinal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

From the olfactory bulb targets, olfaction information can pass to 4 more possible targets. Name them.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unlike some other sensory pathways, odor information can reach the cortex independent of the ____.

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The olfactory receptor neurons (also called olfactory nerves) are embedded in the ____ of the ____. Are they technically neurons? What can they do that many neurons can’t?

A

Epithelium
Nose
No
Can regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to cranial nerve I upon removal of the brain from the skull? Thus, would removing the brain from the skull make it easy to see cranial nerve I?

A

Cranial nerve I is destroyed

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Olfactory bulbs are relatively (smaller/larger) in humans than in other animals. What type of animal has about a billion olfactory receptor neurons and thus has a superior sense of smell?

A

Smaller

Dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is olfactory receptor neuron regeneration considered to be adult neurogenesis? Why or why not?

A

No- olfactory receptor neurons aren’t considered to be part of the CNS, so their regeneration isn’t considered to be adult neurogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Olfactory pathway part 1:
Olfactory receptor neurons with their cell bodies in the nasal _____ send their axons through the ___ of the ___ ____ and synapse on the ____ of the ___ ___. The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons make up ____ ___ ____.

A 
Epithelium 
Bone
Nasal cavity
Glomerulus
Olfactory bulb
Cranial nerve I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axons from different olfactory receptor neurons in the same glomerulus are similar how?

A

They detect similar odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Olfactory pathway part 2:

Cells from the glomerulus synapse on ___ and ____ cells. These cells form the ___ ___ that projects to the _____.

A

Mitral
Tufted
Olfactory tract
Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can granule cells undergo? Are granule cells considered to be true CNS cells?

A

Adult neurogenesis

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Granule cells carry information from the ____ and synapse on ____ and ____ cells.

A

Brain
Mitral
Tufted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Granule cells replicate in the ___ ____ and migrate along the ____ ____ into the ____ ___, then ___-___ there and send their axons back to the ____ _____.

A 
Lateral ventricle
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Re-integrate
Olfactory corteces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In adult neurodegenerative disease, what is affected that then impacts smell? What olfactory cells are specifically affected?

A

Adult neurogenesis

Granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In descending input, signals from ____ brain regions modify ____.

A

Higher

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Descending input in olfaction: ____ ___ from the brain synapse onto _____ cells, when then synapse onto ___ and ____ cells.

A

Centrifugal afferents
Granule cells
Mitral and tufted cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 ways that nose blindness can occur

A

Downregulation of olfactory receptor neurons
Downregulation of olfactory signaling
Descending input modifying sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ of ____ ____ decreased in old age that causes sense of smell to decline. When stimulating parts of the brain associated with olfaction, how is brain stimulation changed from young to older adult?

A

Neurogenesis
Granule cells
Older adults have less activity in the areas of the brain associated with olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ is a condition in which much of olfactory ability is non-existant.

A

Anosmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spritzing odorant onto the cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons causes a (small/large) depolarization, or (inward/outward) current, whereas spritzing odorant onto the cell bodies of the olfactory receptor neurons causes a (small/large) depolarization. Thus, it can be concluded that the (cilia/cell bodies) of the olfactory receptor neurons have the most odorant molecule receptors.

A

Large
Inward
Small
Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

An odorant is a ____ detected by ___ ___ ___.

A

Molecule

Olfactory receptor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Indole, when at low concentrations, smells (good/bad), whereas at high concentrations it smells (good/bad). Thus, perception of good vs bad smells can depend on the odorant ____.

A

Good
Bad
Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

D-carvone smells like ____, whereas L-carvone smells like ____. Why is it that the two enantiomers, with mirror image structure, have different smells?

A

Spearmint
Caraway
The two enantiomers bind to different receptors

28
Q

Schizophrenia is associated with ____ hallucinations. Hallucinations are ____ without a ____.

A

Olfactory
Perception
Stimulus

29
Q

(Some people’s/ all people’s) urine smells after eating asparagus, but only some people can recognize it. This is because people have differences in ____ of olfactory stimuli.

A

All people’s

Detection

30
Q

Olfactory receptors are located on ____ ____ neurons and are (ion channels/ G protein coupled receptors). How many transmembrane domains does each have?

A

Olfactory receptor
G protein coupled receptors
7

31
Q

The extracellular portion of the olfactory receptor binds the ____, whereas the intracellular portion of the olfactory receptor binds the ___ ___.

A

Odorant

G protein

32
Q

How many type(s) of olfactory receptors does each olfactory receptor neuron express? Each type of olfactory receptor can detect (1/ more than 1) type of odorant molecule.

A

1

More than 1

33
Q

Does the number of odorant receptor types differ across species? If not, what enables greater olfactory abilities of some species than others?

A

No

Some species have greater numbers of odorant receptors than others

34
Q

Difference in smell perception at different concentrations can occur when something that is detected by one receptor at a (low/high) concentration with a (low/high) affinity for the molecule is perceived as a good smell and at a (low/high) concentration is detected by other receptors with a (lower/higher) affinity for the molecule and is then perceived as a bad smell. What is it specifically about the odorant binding that causes the difference in perception?

A 
Low 
High 
High 
Lower
Odorant binding to different receptor can cause the difference in perception
35
Q

What is the name of the G protein that the olfactory receptors bind to? What other G protein is it similar to?

A 
G olf (G olfactory)
Gs
36
Q

Olfactory receptor molecular pathway:

1) Odorant molecule binds to ____ ____, causing a ____ change that activates the ____ protein.
2) The ___ subunit of the activated _____ protein, bound to ____, stimulates ____ ____ to make ____.
3) ____ activates the ____-gated channel, which lets (in/out) ___ and ___.
4) ____ binds to and activates the ___-gated ___ channel, which lets (in/out) ___.
5) ____ also activates ____, leading to additional ___-gated ____ channel regulation.
6) The effect of ____ influx and ___ efflux leads to (depolarization/hyperpolarization) of the olfactory receptor neuron.

A 
1) Olfactory receptor
Conformational 
G olf
2) Alpha
G olf 
GTP
Adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
3) cAMP 
cAMP-gated channel
In
Ca+2 
Na+
4) Ca+2
Ca+2-gated Cl- channel
Out 
Cl-
5) Ca+2
Calmodulin
Ca+2-gated Cl- channel
6) Na+ 
Cl-
Depolarization
37
Q

In the olfactory receptor GPCR pathway, the __/___ ___ re-establishes the gradients at the end of the pathway.

A

Na+/Ca+2 exchanger

38
Q

In the olfactory receptor GPCR pathway, the ___/___/___ ____ sets up the ____ gradient with a higher concentration (inside/outside) the olfactory receptor neuron.

A

Na+/K+/Cl- transporter
Cl-
Inside

39
Q

In a model with dysfunctional cyclic nucleotide gated channels, which part of the olfactory receptor GPCR pathway would be most directly affected? (Think about what the cyclic nucleotide channel does in this pathway.)

A

Na+ and Ca+2 influx

40
Q

Mammals have some odorant receptors on their ____. These receptors may still be present in what olfactory condition, leading to some sense of smell present?

A

Tongues

Anosmia

41
Q

Information from the taste buds on the front 2/3 of the tongue are carried by cranial nerve ____. Information from the taste buds on the back 1/3 of the tongue are carried by cranial nerve ____. Information from the taste buds on the epiglottis are carried by cranial nerve ____.

A

VII
IX
X

42
Q

Taste signaling pathway:

1) Information from taste buds carried by cranial nerves ___, ____, or ___ are carried to the ___ ____, where the first synapse occurs.
2) Information is then carried to the __ ___ ___ of the ___, where the second synapse occurs.
3) From there, information is carried to the ____ ____. This information can then be shared with the ____ and ___.

A 
1) Cranial nerves VII, IX, or X
Solitary nucleus
2) Ventral posterior medial 
Thalamus
3) Taste corteces
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
43
Q

___ ___ are distributed across the tongue and are specialized for different tastes.

A

Taste buds

44
Q

What are the 5 types of taste buds called, according to what they taste?

A 
Sour
Bitter
Sweet
Salty
Umami or savory
45
Q

The umami taste buds bind what neurotransmitter/ amino acid?

A

Glutamate

46
Q

Supertasters have a higher ____ of taste buds.

A

Density

47
Q

The ____ (the lumps and bumps of the tongue) have grooves where the taste buds are located. Is each taste bud made up of one taste cell, or many?

A

Papilla
Taste buds
Many taste cells per taste bud

48
Q

The taste ___ of the taste ___ send their axons out along one of the ____ ____.

A

Taste cells
Taste buds
Cranial nerves

49
Q

Tastants can differ in terms of ____ at which they can be tasted.

A

Concentrations

50
Q

What tastant has a high threshold (requires a high concentration to be tasted)?

A

Sugar

51
Q

Salt and sour receptors are (ligand-gated ion channels/GPCRs), whereas sweet, bitter, and umami/savory are (ligand-gated ion channels/GPCRs).

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

GPCRs

52
Q

The ligands for salt receptors are ___, whereas the ligands for sour receptors are _____, since sour taste is acidic.

A

Ions

Protons

53
Q

What taste GPCR monomer(s) make up sweet receptors? Bitter receptors? Umami/savory receptors?

A

Sweet: T1R2 and T1R3
Bitter: T2R
Umami/savory: T1R1 and T1R3

54
Q

Taste GPCRs bind a version of what G protein?

A

Gq

55
Q

Taste transduction pathway for sweet, bitter, and umami:

1) Sweet, bitter, or umami taste agonists bind to taste ___ ___ ___ ___, activating the ___ subunit of the ____ protein.
2) The activated subunit of the ____ protein activates ____ ____, which splits _____ into ____ and ____.
3) ____ activates an ____-gated channel on the ____ ____, causing ___ to flow (into/out of) this organelle .
4) ___ opens ____, the ___-gated ___ channel, causing an (influx/efflux) of ____.
5) The net result is (depolarization/hyperpolarization) of the cell.

A 
1) G protein coupled receptors
Alpha
Gq
2) Gq
Phospholipase C
PIP2
DAG 
IP3
3) IP3 
IP3-gated channel
Endoplasmic reticulum  
Ca+2
Out of 
4) Ca+2
TRPM5 
Ca+2-gated Na+ channel
Influx 
Na+
5) Depolarization
56
Q

In a TRP knockout model, the organism wouldn’t be able to respond to which types of tastants?

A

Sweet, bitter, umami

57
Q

The taste cells release what neurotransmitter? Which other neurotransmitter is packaged along with it? The sensory nerves attached to the taste cells have what 2 types of receptors (neurotransmitter, ion channel or GPCR)? Which is more important for perception of taste?

A

Serotonin
ATP
Serotonin GPCRs
ATP-gated ion channels (more important for perception of taste)

58
Q

Propagation of which taste sensations requires opening of ion channels in the taste cell?

A

All (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami)

59
Q

____ binds to the tongue’s taste buds, causing sour foods to taste sweet.

A

Miraculin

60
Q

At neutral pH, miraculin binds to and blocks the ____ (taste) receptors. At low pH, after ingesting ____ (taste) foods, micraculin binds and activates the ____ (taste) receptors, resulting in the perception of ____ taste.

A

Sweet
Sour
Sweet
Sweet taste

61
Q

At neutral pH, how does miraculin modify the effects of sweeteners?

A

Prevents them from activating sweet GPCRs

62
Q

TRP channels can detect ___ and ____ input depending on the neurons on which they are expressed.

A

Taste

Thermal

63
Q

The TRPV1 channels can sense ____ and ____, whereas the TRPM8 channels can sense ____ and ____.

A

Heat
Capsaicin
Cool
Mint

64
Q

Because the tongue has both ____ and ____ receptors, mint tastes cool and capsaicin tastes hot.

A

Taste

Thermal

65
Q

TRPV1 if on taste cells will give perception of ____ (taste). If on thermal cells, will give perception of ____. When eating chili peppers, capsaicin will activate TRPV1 on ___ receptors in the tongue, giving perception of ____.

A

Sour
Heat
Thermal
Heat

Neurobiology I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions