Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior
A
In front of
2
Q
Posterior
A
Behind
3
Q
Rostral
A
Top
4
Q
Caudal
A
Bottom
5
Q
Rostral and caudal when referring to the whole body designate what? When referring to the brain, designate what?
A
Whole body: rostral- closer to head, caudal- closer to toes
Brain: rostral- closer to front of brain, caudal- closer to back of brain
6
Q
Dorsal
A
Back
7
Q
Ventral
A
Front
8
Q
Dorsal and ventral when referring to the whole body designate what? When referring to the brain, designate what?
A
Whole body: dorsal-closer to back, ventral- closer to front
Brain: dorsal- closer to top of brain, ventral- closer to bottom of brain
9
Q
Superior
A
Above
10
Q
Inferior
A
Below
11
Q
Coronal
A
Plane that divides the body or brain into front and back halves
12
Q
Sagittal
A
Plane that divides the body or brain into left and right halves
13
Q
Horizontal/transverse
A
Plane that divides the body or brain into top and bottom halves
14
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the spinal cord (body)/middle
15
Q
Lateral
A
Further away from the spinal cord/middle
16
Q
What does the CNS develop from?
A
Neural tube
17
Q
What does the PNS develop from?
A
Neural crest (not just PNS) Cranial placodes
18
Q
What parts of the PNS develop from the neural crest?
A
Dorsal root ganglia
Meninges
19
Q
What part of the PNS develops from the cranial placodes?
A
Cranial nerves
20
Q
What other structures develop from the neural crest?
A
Autonomic ganglia (guts)
Melanocytes
Smooth muscle
21
Q
5 phases of early development after formation of zygote
A
Morula -> blastula -> gastrulation -> neurulation -> regionalization
22
Q
2 layers of blastula
A
Top: epiblast
Bottom: hypoblast
23
Q
What does the epiblast of the blastula develop into?
A
Embryo
24
Q
What does the hypoblast of the blastula develop into?
A
Placenta
25
When does gastrulation begin?
When cells begin to migrate inward, forming primitive streak
26
Cells in the outer surface of the gastrula where the primitive streak was are called what?
Ectoderm
27
Cells in the inner layer of the gastrula that were pushed inward are called what?
Endoderm
28
Cells in between the ectoderm and endoderm are called what?
Mesoderm
29
Mesoderm is formed when?
Third wave of migration when additional cells migrate inward
30
Ectoderm forms what?
CNS and PNS
31
Endoderm forms what?
Microglia
32
Formation of primitive streak creates what 2 axes?
Rostral/caudal
| Medial/lateral
33
The primitive node is at what end of the primitive streak?
Rostral
34
What is the first visible stage in nervous system formation?
Neurulation
35
During neurulation, what fuses and changes shape?
Ectoderm
36
What structure is formed during neurulation?
Neural tube
37
Where does the neural tube begin to close?
Near future brain stem
38
What 3 events occur during regionalization?
Neural tube is divided into different regions
Neurons are born
Cells stay in a certain region and develop differently from cells in a different region
39
Regional differences in cells are dependent on differences in what?
```
Gene expression
Rates of cell division
Cell shape
Cell-cell adhesion
Cell motility
```
40
4 divisions of the mammalian brain (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)
```
Top to bottom:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord
```
41
Forebrain contains what 2 structures? (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)
Telencephalon (front most part)
| Diencephalon (underneath telencephalon)
42
Telencephalon contains what 2 parts?
Cortex (cerebrum)
| Basal ganglia
43
Diencephalon contains what 2 parts?
Thalamus
| Hypothalamus
44
Hindbrain contains what 3 parts? (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)
Pons (top)
Medulla (bottom)
Cerebellum (side)
45
What 2 parts make up the brain stem?
Midbrain and hindbrain
46
Where specifically is the midbrain located?
Underneath the diencephalon and above the hindbrain
47
5 subdivisions of spinal cord nerves (top to bottom)
```
Cervical nerves
Thoracic nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral nerves
Coccygeal nerve
```
48
Cervical nerves control what?
Shoulders and arms
49
Thoracic nerves control what?
Mid-body
50
Lumbar nerves control what?
Legs and hips
51
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? (see diagram on slide 23)
```
Clockwise top left to bottom:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
```
52
What is the name of the groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
53
What is the name of the groove that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
54
What is the name of the groove that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?
Lateral fissure
55
Where is the primary motor cortex located relative to the central sulcus? The primary sensory cortex?
Primary motor cortex: rostral (in frontal lobe)
| Primary sensory cortex: caudal (in parietal lobe)
56
Excitatory vs inhibitory
Excitatory: activates neuron it synapses on
Inhibitory: reduces activity of neuron it synapses on
57
Efferent vs afferent
Efferent: exiting
Afferent: arriving
58
Pyramidal neurons: what part of brain, projection or interneurons?
Cortex
| Projection neurons
59
Pyramidal neurons have cell bodies in ____ but axons that project into ___ ___.
Cortex
| Other regions
60
Pyramidial neurons are excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
61
2 parts of basal ganglia (see diagram on slide 29)
```
Globus pallidus (innermost)
Straitum (outermost)
```
62
The basal ganglia is ___ to the cortex.
Medial
63
The term nucleus in reference to the brain means what?
Group of neurons that have a specialized function
64
2 parts of striatum
Dorsal striatum
| Ventral striatum
65
What does the dorsal striatum control?
Movement
66
2 parts of dorsal striatum (see diagram on slide 30)
Top to bottom:
Caudate
Putamen
67
What does the ventral striatum control?
Reward and emotion
68
2 parts of ventral striatum (see diagram on slide 30)
Amygdala (beneath putamen, under fold)
| Olfactory tubercle
69
2 parts of globus pallidus (see diagram on slide 30)
External (in between putamen and internal)
| Internal (next to external, medial to external)
70
The thalamus serves as what?
Relay station for sensory information
71
Thalamus is located _____ to the basal ganglia
Medially
72
Part of the thalamus responsible for vision information
Lateral geniculate nucleus
73
Part of the thalamus responsible for information from the face
Ventral posterior medial
74
Part of the thalamus responsible for information from the body and about pain/touch
Ventral posterior lateral
75
How spinal cord sections are labeled (2 axes)
Dorsal/ventral
| Left/right (backwards to normal)
76
Gray matter refers to ___ ____ and white matter refers to ___.
Cell bodies
| Axons
77
In a stain of a spinal cord, do the cell bodies actually appear gray and do the axons actually appear white?
No- their appearance is often the opposite
78
The gray matter of the spinal cord is divided into dorsal and ventral ____.
Horns
79
Function of dorsal horns
Receive sensory information
80
Function of ventral horns
Location of motor axons and cell bodies
81
The cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord have ___ dorsal and ventral horns than the thoracic section of the spinal cord.
Larger
82
Motor neurons are ___ from the spinal cord
Efferent
83
Each vertebra has a pair of ___ ____ ____. Where are the two located?
Dorsal root ganglia
| One on the left, one on the right
84
Each dorsal root ganglia services a specific region of the ___, called a ____.
Skin
| Dermatome
85
Cranial nerves service what 3 regions of the brain?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
86
Autonomic/enteric nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?
Parasympathetic
| Sympathetic
87
Sympathetic nervous system controls what?
Fight or flight
88
Parasympathetic nervous system controls what?
Rest and digest
89
Ventricles are filled with what?
Cerebral spinal fluid
90
Cerebral spinal fluid is made in and pumped into the ventricles from what structure?
Choroid plexus
91
Cerebral spinal fluid flows from the ____ ventricle to the ____ ventricle to the ___ ventricle to the ____ ____ of the ___ ___.
Lateral
3rd
4th
Central canal of the spinal cord
92
Where are the lateral ventricles located relative to the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Lateral ventricles are lateral to 3rd and 4th ventricles (medial to lateral ventricles)
93
Blood-brain barrier is made from fused ____ that surround ___ ____.
Astrocytes
| Blood vessels
94
The astrocytes of the blood-brain barrier limit what into the brain?
Diffusion
95
3 layers of meninges (see diagram on slide 44)
Top to bottom:
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
96
Function of the meninges
Protect brain
