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Neurobiology I > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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2
Q

Posterior

A

Behind

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3
Q

Rostral

A

Top

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4
Q

Caudal

A

Bottom

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5
Q

Rostral and caudal when referring to the whole body designate what? When referring to the brain, designate what?

A

Whole body: rostral- closer to head, caudal- closer to toes

Brain: rostral- closer to front of brain, caudal- closer to back of brain

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6
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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7
Q

Ventral

A

Front

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8
Q

Dorsal and ventral when referring to the whole body designate what? When referring to the brain, designate what?

A

Whole body: dorsal-closer to back, ventral- closer to front

Brain: dorsal- closer to top of brain, ventral- closer to bottom of brain

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9
Q

Superior

A

Above

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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11
Q

Coronal

A

Plane that divides the body or brain into front and back halves

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12
Q

Sagittal

A

Plane that divides the body or brain into left and right halves

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13
Q

Horizontal/transverse

A

Plane that divides the body or brain into top and bottom halves

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14
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the spinal cord (body)/middle

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15
Q

Lateral

A

Further away from the spinal cord/middle

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16
Q

What does the CNS develop from?

A

Neural tube

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17
Q

What does the PNS develop from?

A 
Neural crest (not just PNS)
Cranial placodes
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18
Q

What parts of the PNS develop from the neural crest?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

Meninges

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19
Q

What part of the PNS develops from the cranial placodes?

A

Cranial nerves

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20
Q

What other structures develop from the neural crest?

A

Autonomic ganglia (guts)
Melanocytes
Smooth muscle

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21
Q

5 phases of early development after formation of zygote

A

Morula -> blastula -> gastrulation -> neurulation -> regionalization

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22
Q

2 layers of blastula

A

Top: epiblast
Bottom: hypoblast

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23
Q

What does the epiblast of the blastula develop into?

A

Embryo

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24
Q

What does the hypoblast of the blastula develop into?

A

Placenta

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25
Q

When does gastrulation begin?

A

When cells begin to migrate inward, forming primitive streak

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26
Q

Cells in the outer surface of the gastrula where the primitive streak was are called what?

A

Ectoderm

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27
Q

Cells in the inner layer of the gastrula that were pushed inward are called what?

A

Endoderm

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28
Q

Cells in between the ectoderm and endoderm are called what?

A

Mesoderm

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29
Q

Mesoderm is formed when?

A

Third wave of migration when additional cells migrate inward

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30
Q

Ectoderm forms what?

A

CNS and PNS

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31
Q

Endoderm forms what?

A

Microglia

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32
Q

Formation of primitive streak creates what 2 axes?

A

Rostral/caudal

Medial/lateral

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33
Q

The primitive node is at what end of the primitive streak?

A

Rostral

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34
Q

What is the first visible stage in nervous system formation?

A

Neurulation

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35
Q

During neurulation, what fuses and changes shape?

A

Ectoderm

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36
Q

What structure is formed during neurulation?

A

Neural tube

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37
Q

Where does the neural tube begin to close?

A

Near future brain stem

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38
Q

What 3 events occur during regionalization?

A

Neural tube is divided into different regions
Neurons are born
Cells stay in a certain region and develop differently from cells in a different region

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39
Q

Regional differences in cells are dependent on differences in what?

A 
Gene expression
Rates of cell division
Cell shape
Cell-cell adhesion
Cell motility
40
Q

4 divisions of the mammalian brain (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)

A 
Top to bottom:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord
41
Q

Forebrain contains what 2 structures? (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)

A

Telencephalon (front most part)

Diencephalon (underneath telencephalon)

42
Q

Telencephalon contains what 2 parts?

A

Cortex (cerebrum)

Basal ganglia

43
Q

Diencephalon contains what 2 parts?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

44
Q

Hindbrain contains what 3 parts? (see diagrams on slides 19 and 21)

A

Pons (top)
Medulla (bottom)
Cerebellum (side)

45
Q

What 2 parts make up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain and hindbrain

46
Q

Where specifically is the midbrain located?

A

Underneath the diencephalon and above the hindbrain

47
Q

5 subdivisions of spinal cord nerves (top to bottom)

A 
Cervical nerves
Thoracic nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral nerves
Coccygeal nerve
48
Q

Cervical nerves control what?

A

Shoulders and arms

49
Q

Thoracic nerves control what?

A

Mid-body

50
Q

Lumbar nerves control what?

A

Legs and hips

51
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? (see diagram on slide 23)

A 
Clockwise top left to bottom:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
52
Q

What is the name of the groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

53
Q

What is the name of the groove that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

54
Q

What is the name of the groove that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

Lateral fissure

55
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located relative to the central sulcus? The primary sensory cortex?

A

Primary motor cortex: rostral (in frontal lobe)

Primary sensory cortex: caudal (in parietal lobe)

56
Q

Excitatory vs inhibitory

A

Excitatory: activates neuron it synapses on
Inhibitory: reduces activity of neuron it synapses on

57
Q

Efferent vs afferent

A

Efferent: exiting
Afferent: arriving

58
Q

Pyramidal neurons: what part of brain, projection or interneurons?

A

Cortex

Projection neurons

59
Q

Pyramidal neurons have cell bodies in ____ but axons that project into ___ ___.

A

Cortex

Other regions

60
Q

Pyramidial neurons are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

61
Q

2 parts of basal ganglia (see diagram on slide 29)

A 
Globus pallidus (innermost)
Straitum (outermost)
62
Q

The basal ganglia is ___ to the cortex.

A

Medial

63
Q

The term nucleus in reference to the brain means what?

A

Group of neurons that have a specialized function

64
Q

2 parts of striatum

A

Dorsal striatum

Ventral striatum

65
Q

What does the dorsal striatum control?

A

Movement

66
Q

2 parts of dorsal striatum (see diagram on slide 30)

A

Top to bottom:
Caudate
Putamen

67
Q

What does the ventral striatum control?

A

Reward and emotion

68
Q

2 parts of ventral striatum (see diagram on slide 30)

A

Amygdala (beneath putamen, under fold)

Olfactory tubercle

69
Q

2 parts of globus pallidus (see diagram on slide 30)

A

External (in between putamen and internal)

Internal (next to external, medial to external)

70
Q

The thalamus serves as what?

A

Relay station for sensory information

71
Q

Thalamus is located _____ to the basal ganglia

A

Medially

72
Q

Part of the thalamus responsible for vision information

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

73
Q

Part of the thalamus responsible for information from the face

A

Ventral posterior medial

74
Q

Part of the thalamus responsible for information from the body and about pain/touch

A

Ventral posterior lateral

75
Q

How spinal cord sections are labeled (2 axes)

A

Dorsal/ventral

Left/right (backwards to normal)

76
Q

Gray matter refers to ___ ____ and white matter refers to ___.

A

Cell bodies

Axons

77
Q

In a stain of a spinal cord, do the cell bodies actually appear gray and do the axons actually appear white?

A

No- their appearance is often the opposite

78
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord is divided into dorsal and ventral ____.

A

Horns

79
Q

Function of dorsal horns

A

Receive sensory information

80
Q

Function of ventral horns

A

Location of motor axons and cell bodies

81
Q

The cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord have ___ dorsal and ventral horns than the thoracic section of the spinal cord.

A

Larger

82
Q

Motor neurons are ___ from the spinal cord

A

Efferent

83
Q

Each vertebra has a pair of ___ ____ ____. Where are the two located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

One on the left, one on the right

84
Q

Each dorsal root ganglia services a specific region of the ___, called a ____.

A

Skin

Dermatome

85
Q

Cranial nerves service what 3 regions of the brain?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

86
Q

Autonomic/enteric nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

87
Q

Sympathetic nervous system controls what?

A

Fight or flight

88
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system controls what?

A

Rest and digest

89
Q

Ventricles are filled with what?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

90
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid is made in and pumped into the ventricles from what structure?

A

Choroid plexus

91
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid flows from the ____ ventricle to the ____ ventricle to the ___ ventricle to the ____ ____ of the ___ ___.

A

Lateral
3rd
4th
Central canal of the spinal cord

92
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located relative to the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricles are lateral to 3rd and 4th ventricles (medial to lateral ventricles)

93
Q

Blood-brain barrier is made from fused ____ that surround ___ ____.

A

Astrocytes

Blood vessels

94
Q

The astrocytes of the blood-brain barrier limit what into the brain?

A

Diffusion

95
Q

3 layers of meninges (see diagram on slide 44)

A

Top to bottom:
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

96
Q

Function of the meninges

A

Protect brain

Neurobiology I (18 decks)

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