vision 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what retinal information is in the optic nerve

A

-the retinal nerve contains information from the ipsilateral temporal retina and the ipsilateral nasal retina

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2
Q

what visual field information is in the optic nerve

A

visual field information about the contralateral nasal visual field and the ipsilateral temporal visual field is in the optic nerve

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3
Q

what happens if you cut an optic nerve

A

you lose vision in the contralateral nasal visual field and ipsilateral temporal visual field
-the other eye should be able to restore the nasal visual field because that region is binocular

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4
Q

what nerves intersect at the chiasm

A

the right and left nasal retinas which convey information about their ipsilateral temporal visual fields

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5
Q

what is the benefit of center surround antagonism

A

it provides enhancement and edge detection

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6
Q

how do horizontal cells influence photoreceptor cells

A

horizontal cells hyperpolarize photoreceptor cells

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7
Q

what is the mechanism for depolarization of ON center bipolar cells

A

-metabotropic channels are activated by glutamate on ON center bipolar cells. This is accomplished by a G protein channel and secondary messengers (unknown exactly)
-TRP1 channels remain closed

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of magnocellular cells

A

10% total RGC cells, large receptive field, expansive dendritic field, respond to large moving objects, rapid conduction,

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of parvocellular cells

A

80% retinal ganglion cells, smaller receptive field, small dendritic field, concentrated in fovea, slower conduction

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of koniocellular cells

A

1% of RGCs, large dendritic field

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11
Q

where do blue On/yellow Off cells project to

A

the parvocellular and koniocellular pathways

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12
Q

parvocellular pathway

A

parvocellular cells (P cells) project from the retina to the ventral geniculate nuclei (layers 3-6) to the striate cortex (layer 4c beta) to the interblob and blob regions to other cortical areas

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13
Q

magnocellular pathway

A

magnocellular cells (M cells) project from the retina to the ventral geniculate nuclei (layers 1 and 2) to the striate cortex (layer 4c alpha) to layer 4b and to the blob (collateral), then to extrastriate cortical regions

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14
Q

koniocellular pathway

A

nonM/nonP ganglion cells to the extra laminal area in the VGN to the blob to the extrastriate areas

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15
Q

what kinds of cells are in the interblob

A

complex and simple cells; binocular, orientation selective, direction selective

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16
Q

what kinds of cells are in the blob

A

monocular, wavelength sensitive, circular receptive field

17
Q

what is the difference between simple and complex cells

A

idk watch lecture again if u get this and dont know still
-simple cells will either fire if activated or not fire if not while complex cells will fire for different conditions??

18
Q

are visual signals between the eyes segregated up in the striate cortex

A

yes

19
Q

fun fact: most v1 neurons outside of layer 4c are orientation selective

A

did you know that?

20
Q

where does mixing of the pathways for both eyes first occur

A

in v1 of the striate cortex

21
Q

location of intracortical pyramidal cells which make horizontal connections

A

layer 3

22
Q

are most intracortical connections horizontal or radial

A

radial

23
Q

where do stellate neurons project to

A

4b alpha and 3 beta. 2 and 3 receive binocular input

24
Q

what is the difference between stellate and pyramidal cells

A

LOOK AT LECTURE if u dont know this yet

25
Q

which pyrimidal cells project to cortical areas outside of the striate cortex

A

layers 2, 3, and 4b

26
Q

which pyrimidal cells project to the superior colliculus and pons

A

layer 5

27
Q

which pyrimidal cells project back to the LGN

A

layer 6

28
Q

what retinal and visual information does meyer’s loop represent

A

inferior retinal quadrant/superior visual field

29
Q

what happens if you cut right meyer’s loop

A

you lose the right eye’s nasal visual field and the left eye’s ipsilateral temporal visual field

the left eye can still see the right eye’s visual field, so you end with 150 degree vision only missing the left eye’s temporal visual field

30
Q

what are ipRGCs and what is their significance

A

these are inner plexiform retinal ganglion cells which control circaidian photoentrainment and control the pupillary light reflex

31
Q

what is the significance of the macula

A

the macula is an area behind the retina and the fovea sits inside, very important for vision

32
Q

where is the striate cortex located

A

the occipital lobe

33
Q

what is the pupillary light reflex pathway

A

axons from the retina/optic nerve synapse with edinger westphal nucleus interneuron then the pretectum then the ciliary ganglion then innervate the pupilliary constrictor muscle

34
Q

what is the difference between stellate and pyrimidal cells and their projections

A
35
Q

ocular dominance columns

A

Regions of neurons in the striate cortex that synapse with axons carrying transduced
signals from either the left or right eye

36
Q

describe the receptor field of simple cells

A

binocular, orientation selective, elongated on-off region,

37
Q

describe the receptor field of complex cells

A

binocular, orientation selective, do not fire for certain orientations, no antagonistic flanks/distinct on off regions