psych 127b lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the GABA channel

A

an inhibitory ligand gated GABA chlorine channel

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2
Q

what allosteric ligands bind to the GABA channels

A

barbituates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and neurosteroids

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3
Q

what are barbituates

A

-GABA-A/possibly glutamate agonist
-nonspecific inhibitory effect
-results in physical and psychological dependence (high abuse potential)

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4
Q

benzodiazepines

A

-allosteric effect less strong than barbituates
-GABA agonist
-anxiolytic (muscle relaxant)
-roofies are benzodiazepines

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5
Q

why is rohypnol (roofie) so powerful with alcohol

A

rohypnol and alcohol both act as GABA agonists (both amplify eachother)

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6
Q

alcohol

A

-also a GABA agonist, rapidly absorbed from GI tract, very permeable to the BBB, max. absorption at 30-90min
-metabolized in stomach and liver
-also an NMDA (glutamate) antagonist

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7
Q

ADH gene

A

genes which code for proteins in the liver and stomach which breaks down alcohol (women have less)

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8
Q

ALDH gene

A

-codes for the acetaldehyde enzyme (metabolite of alcohol)
- certain ALDH2 alleles mean this enzyme is inactive
-this is protective against alcoholism bc it causes unpleasant alcohol side effects

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9
Q

how does alcohol affect receptors long term

A

GABA receptors decrease sensitivity and NMDA receptors become more active (increased alcohol threshold and increased sensitivity to excitation)

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10
Q

where are CB1 cannibinoid receptors found

A

-on the prefrontal cortex region responsible for executive functioning
-works on the endocannibinoid system responsible for brain development (including during adolescence)

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11
Q

what are symptoms of marijuana withdrawal

A

irritability, anger, depression, lack of appetite

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12
Q

what are examples of opiates

A

morphine, vicodin, oxycodone, fentanyl, opium, heroin

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13
Q

what are the effects of opiates

A

analgesia, euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing, used for pain management post-surgery

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14
Q

dsm criteria for substance abuse disorders

A

impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological impairment

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15
Q

sampling

A

-likeliness of a person to try a particular drug
-depends on availability, co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders, experience with other substances, risk-taking tendencies

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16
Q

two main influencers of sampling

A

-genetic variation in dopamine receptors
-social variation

17
Q

liking

A

-reinforced stimulus effects support the instrumental act to consume the drug again
-mediated by dopamine
-

18
Q

positive reinforcement

A

when a drug has a positive effect which makes you want to do it again

19
Q

negative reinforcement

A

when a drug alleviates negative things which makes you want to do it again

20
Q

reward-deficiency syndrome

A

-hyposensitivity to reward
-underactive dopamine reward system

21
Q

what are the three causes of reward-deficiency syndrome

A

-drug use
-cessation of drug use
-genetics

-any of these three can result in drug seeking

22
Q

what causes positive reinforcement in amphetamine/methamphetamine

A

amphetamine/methamphetamine: stimulates dopamine terminal vesicles to release more dopamine

23
Q

what causes positive reinforcement in cocaine

A

inhibits reuptake of dopamine

24
Q

nicotine/weed/morphine

A

stimulates dopaminergic neurons more frequently

25
Q

nicotine/weed/morphine

A

stimulates dopaminergic neurons more frequently

26
Q

wanting

A

stimuli associated w drug intake provokes the desire for drugs and facilitates the act of drug taking

27
Q

what causes the transition from liking to wanting

A

escalation of intake over time
-results in habitual use related to certain stimuli
-neuronal changes resulting in decreased tolerance
-behavioral changes also resulting in increased tolerance

28
Q

needing

A

-physical dependence which results in a somatic state supporting avoidance behaviors

29
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

-develops when continuous exposure results in the production of more liver enzymes to break down the drug

30
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

occurs when receptors in the brain adapt to the presence of the drug via downregulation

31
Q

physiological dependence

A

the development of tolerance to a substance or the presence of withdrawel when they stop taking that substance abruptly

32
Q

psychological dependence

A

forceful, subjective urges to use substances often as a means of relieving negative mood states such as craving, irritability, insomnia, depression, or anorexia

33
Q

how can genes affect addiction

A

-by altering the mechanisms of the drug, inhibiting the drug, or affecting the likeliness of an individual to take risks

34
Q

what is agonist substitution

A

when you give a person with a dependence on a certain drug a similar drug with less harmful effects

34
Q

what is agonist substitution

A

when you give a person with a dependence on a certain drug a similar drug with less harmful effects (ex. methadone)

35
Q

antagonists

A

blocks the effects of a drug (ex. naltrexone-opiate antagonist)

36
Q

aversive treatment

A

-“counter conditioning”
-makes the use of drugs very unpleasant
-high relapse potential
-ex. antabuse for alcoholism

37
Q

subjunctive medication

A

-treats the symptoms of withdrawal ex. benzos for anxiety or wellbutrin for nicotine cravings

38
Q

what are psychosocial treatments of addiction

A

-inpatient facilities, alcoholics/narcotics anonymous, controlled usage/moderation management, relapse prevention, prevention