psych 127b lecture 12 Flashcards
what are the three key developmental periods
conception, early development, and adolescent development
down syndrome
purely genetic disorder, extra 21 chromosome, correlated w maternal age
physical/anatomical changes in downs syndrome
facial abnormalities, anomalies of the hands, congenital heart defects
neural changes in downs syndrome
reduced brain volume, reduced frontal/temporal lobe volume, structural and functional changes in the hippocampus, relatively intact posterior and occipital lobes
cognitive changes in down’s syndrome
-learning, memory, and language changes
-variable intellectual functioning impairment
-verbal short term memory(declarative/explicit long term memory((facts)) impairment)
-visuaospatial short term memory (implicit long term memory ((procedural memory, conditioning, etc.)) spared)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
-most critical developmental period during the first 3 months, incidence could be related to the mother’s genetics/types of protective genes, causes neural changes (fewer gyri/sulci, alterations in striatum), cognitive changes, and behavioral changes
what is the main determinant of the effects from disruptions during development
the time during development at which they happen
lisencephaly
gyri and sulci dont form, associated w developmental delays, seizures, and other anomalies
how does FASD differ from PKU/how is it similar
synaptogenesis
-when neurons make connections after structure has been established
-growth of gray matter
-rapid synaptogenesis through adolescence
-synaptogenesis allows for more effecient brains and less oxygen consumption of the brain
what is corticosynaptic pruning
when unneeded synapses are removed, synaptogenesis results in more pruning and less cortical thickness (more eliminated neurons)
how does cortical thickness change over time
cortical thickness decreases as synaptogenesis occurs
neurotrophic factor
taken up by active synapses
-used to tag these synapses so that they are not pruned
how do neural networks develop over time
-initially, correlated regions of the brain more diffuse (higher connectivity in adjacent regions)
-over time, correlated regions become more focal and “long ranging”
what are the two different changes that happen across childhood and adolescent development
cortical pruning and connectivity maturation (grey matter and functional development)
