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Psych 127B > psych 127b lecture 10 > Flashcards

psych 127b lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are ways that a drug can act as an agonist?

A

the drug can act as a precursor/substrate, stimulate NT vesicle release, stimulate postsynaptic receptor opening, block autoreceptors, block reuptake, or inactivate the neurotransmitter breaking enzyme

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2
Q

autoreceptor

A

ligand gated channel on nerve endings which are closed when ligand (NT) is present and open when not present

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3
Q

ways for a drug to act as an antagonist

A

prevents storage of NT in vesicles, inhibition of NT vesicle release, blockage of postsynaptic receptors, inhibtion of synthesis reaction enzyme, stimulator of autoreceptors

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted

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5
Q

how can drugs be taken in via absorption

A

IV injection, oral administration, inhalation, or topical administration

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6
Q

inhalation

A

quick absorption bc of of closeness between lung and blood membranes, most predictable dosage, fastest onset of effects

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7
Q

injection

A

-precise dosage, very fast speed of onset through all routes
-direct afferent signals to the brain
-small timeframe to respond to reaction overdose
-must be sterile

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8
Q

topical administration

A

-direct absorption to the blood stream
-travel via mucus membranes
-includes chewing tobacco, nasal decongestents, sniffing/snorting drugs, or nitroglycerin

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9
Q

when do you experience effects a drug?

A

after absorption? CHECK IF THIS IS RIGHT

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10
Q

oral administration

A

-must be stable in stomach fluid, enter intestine, penetrate intestinal lining, then pass into bloodstream
-slow absorption
-non precise dosage

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11
Q

Inactivation and Excretion

A

-deactivation via enzymes, eventually excreted in the kidneys, skin, lungs, or bile

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12
Q

what causes drug interactions?

A

overlap in mechanisms of action or competition for metabolic enzymes

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13
Q

what is a mechanism of action

A
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14
Q

how does CBD demonstrate drug interactions

A

-CBD is metabolized via the same enzyme (CYP3A4) as many other clinically prescribed medications
-CBD can inhibit the activity of this gene therefore affecting the metabolisms of other medications

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15
Q

where is dopamine released mostly

A

the striatum of the basal ganglia and the frontal lobe

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16
Q

what is the mesolimbic system

A

a system containing the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), cortex, and hippocampus
-plays a big role in reinforcement and reward

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17
Q

which brain region is implicated in the processing of reward cues and motivation

A

nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum

18
Q

how are addictive drugs reinforced by natural reinforcement

A

-addictive drugs tap into the neural circuitry underlying dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens repeatedly
-drugs tap into this stimulation more reliably and powerfully than natural reinforcers

19
Q

what are examples of natural reinforcers

A

food, water, and sex

20
Q

what are examples of the psychostimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, nicotine, and caffeine

21
Q

what are the modern routes of administration for cocaine

A

-topical/nasal, inhalation, injection

22
Q

primary effects of low dose short term cocaine

A

-local anesthesia, vasoconstriction, hypertension, pupillary dilation, motor hyperactivity, euphoria, giddiness
-powerful reinforcement (high addictive potential)

23
Q

primary effects of long term high dose cocaine

A

-anxiety, sleep deprivation, hypervigilance, paranoia, impulsivity, altered reality

24
Q

describe the underlying biological mechanism of cocaine

A

inhibits reuptake of dopamine in the presynaptic terminal (dopamine agonist)
-also affect 5-HT(seratonin precursor) and norepinephrine reuptake

25
Q

why does cocaine affect 5HT and NE reuptake

A

-medicine interaction because they all use the same reuptake channel????

26
Q

what system does amphetamine act on

A

-the autonomic nervous system/sympathetic nervous system (mimics the action of adrenaline)
-“sympathomimetic”

27
Q

what are the physiological effects of amphetamine

A

-vasoconstriction, hypertension, increased heart rate, restlessness, incresed mo

28
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system important for

A

fight or flight response

29
Q

what is the underlying neural mechanism for amphetamine

A

-strongly increases dopamine release, blocks dopamine reuptake, reverses the direction of the reuptake transporter

30
Q

difference between amphetamine and methamphetamine

A

-methamphetamine can cross the blood brain barrier much faster because of the added methyl group
-long term toxicity of methamphetamine has similar effects to cocaine

31
Q

what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

32
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

stimulated by nicotine at the neuromuscular junction

33
Q

muscarinic

A

stimulated by muscarine

34
Q

what is the underlying physiological mechanism of nicotine generally speaking

A

acts as an agonist of the nicotinic receptor

35
Q

how does Ach receptor activity affect the CNS

A

-these receptors modulate levels of other NT
-increased Ach release enhances memory and concentration

36
Q

how does Ach receptor activity affect the ANS

A

-the sympathetic nervous system is activated, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released

37
Q

what behaviors is nicotine an agonist for?

A

-cardiovascular (tension, constriction, heart rate)
-digestion

38
Q

what behaviors is nicotine an antagonist for?

A

-fluid excretion (ex. dry mouth, lack of sweating, urinary retention)
-vasodilation/hypotension
-can affect parasympathetic and sympathetic things

39
Q

how is caffeine absorbed and what are its effects

A

-rapid oral absorption
-acts as a slight stimulant (heart rate, peripheral vasodilation, central/neural vasoconstriction)

40
Q

what is the neural/physiological mechanism for caffeine

A

-adenosine receptor antagonist in the central nervous system

41
Q

what does adenosine do

A

-promotes sedation, regulates oxygen delivery, dilates blood vessels
-decreases the presence of neurotransmitters like DA and 5HT in the synapse

Psych 127B (21 decks)

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