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NBME Micro > Viruses: RNA Positive Sense Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses: RNA Positive Sense Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

List the RNA positive sense viruses

A
  1. Poliovirus
  2. Coxsackievirus A
  3. Coxsackievirus B
  4. Rhinovirus
    5 Hepatitis A
  5. Norovirus/Norowalk Virus
  6. Hepatitis C
  7. Coronavirus
  8. HIV
  9. Echovirus
  10. West Nile Virus
  11. Yellow Fever Virus
  12. Dengue Fever
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2
Q

Picornaviridae Virus Family

A

a family of viruses that includes hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, echovirus, and Rhinovirus

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3
Q

picornaviruses (i.e. hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, echovirus, Rhinovirus) are

A
  1. positive-sense RNA viruses

2. naked viruses

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4
Q

hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus (picornaviruses) are transmitted

A

fecal-orally (Rhinovirus is transmitted via respiratory droplets)

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5
Q

the genetic material of positive-sense RNA viruses (such as picornaviruses) is structured like

A

like mRNA and can be directly translated into viral protein products

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6
Q

the whole genome of picornaviruses (i.e. hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, echovirus, Rhinovirus) is translated into

A

one long polyprotein that is cleaved by host and viral proteases

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7
Q

hepatitis A virus

A

a positive sense-RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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8
Q

the Enterovirus genus (positive-sense RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family) includes

A

poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, echovirus, and rhinovirus

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9
Q

Rhinovirus

A

a positive-sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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10
Q

hepatitis A virus can cause

A

liver inflammation (hepatitis), gastroenteritis, and hepatosplenomegaly

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11
Q

poliovirus

A

a positive-sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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12
Q

coxsackievirus A and B

A

positive-sense RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family

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13
Q

echovirus

A

a positive-sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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14
Q

enteroviruses are the number one cause of

A

aseptic meningitis

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15
Q

aseptic meningitis (caused by viruses such as enteroviruses (i.e. poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus)) presents with

A

a normal CSF glucose level

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16
Q

aseptic meningitis (caused by viruses such as enteroviruses (i.e. poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus)) is a

A

self-limited inflammation of the meninges in which a virus, not bacteria, is the causative agent

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17
Q

aseptic meningitis (caused by viruses such as enteroviruses (i.e. poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus)) presents with an

A

elevated CSF protein level

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18
Q

viral meningitis caused by enteroviruses (i.e. poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus) most commonly affects

A

children

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19
Q

Rhinovirus infection affects the

A

upper respiratory tract and is spread via respiratory droplets

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20
Q

poliovirus

A
  1. a positive-sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. in the Picornaviridae family
  4. naked virus
  5. acid-stable
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21
Q

replication of poliovirus occurs in

A

cells of the gut mucosa (such as Peyer’s patches)

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22
Q

poliovirus affects

A

motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord

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23
Q

paralysis seen in poliovirus infection is typically

A

asymmetric

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24
Q

muscle weakness caused by poliovirus can lead to

A

respiratory failure

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25
Q

poliovirus can cause

A

aseptic meningitis

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26
Q

the Salk vaccine

A

the Salk vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine administered by injection to prevent polio

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27
Q

the attenuated Sabin vaccine is

A

the attenuated Sabin vaccine is administered orally to elicit production of both IgG and IgA antibodies against poliovirus

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28
Q

coxsackievirus A and B Virus

A
  1. a positive-sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. in the Picornaviridae family
  4. naked virus
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29
Q

coxsackievirus A

A

a positive-sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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30
Q

coxsackievirus A causes

A

coxsackievirus A causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, which presents with a red, vesicular rash in the mouth, on the fingers and palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet

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31
Q

coxsackievirus A can cause

A

aseptic meningitis

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32
Q

coxsackieviruses commonly affect

A

young children during summer months

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33
Q

coxsackievirus B

A

a positive-sense RNA virus in the Picornaviridae family

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34
Q

coxsackievirus B can cause

A

myopericarditis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy

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35
Q

coxsackievirus B causes

A

Bornholm disease (also known as the devil’s grip or epidemic pleurodynia), which is characterized by severe, unilateral pleuritic pain in the lower chest

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36
Q

Rhinovirus

A
  1. a positive-sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. in the Picornaviridae family
  4. naked virus
  5. acid labile
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37
Q

Rhinovirus is transmitted via

A
  1. respiratory droplets

2. contact with people or fomites

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38
Q

hand washing reduces the risk of contracting or spreading Rhinovirus by transmission via

A

fomites (inanimate objects such as toys, door handles, and faucets)

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39
Q

Rhinovirus binds

A

Rhinovirus binds the ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) protein of host cells for cellular entry

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40
Q

Rhinovirus replicates more efficiently in temperatures around

A

33ºC

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41
Q

Rhinovirus causes

A

upper respiratory tract infections

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42
Q

there are roughly _____ different serotypes of Rhinovirus

A

there are roughly 100 different serotypes of Rhinovirus

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43
Q

hepatitis A virus

A
  1. a positive-sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. in the Picornaviridae family
  4. naked virus
  5. acid stable
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44
Q

hepatitis A virus causes

A

liver inflammation (hepatitis), gastroenteritis, and hepatosplenomegaly

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45
Q

hepatitis A virus is transmitted

A

fecal-orally

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46
Q

water contaminated with hepatitis A virus can be purified by

A

chlorination, bleach, UV irradiation, or boiling

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47
Q

contaminated water is a common source of

A

hepatitis A virus in developing countries

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48
Q

contaminated shellfish are a common source of

A

hepatitis A virus in developed countries

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49
Q

hepatitis A virus infection is commonly seen in

A

travelers in areas where HAV is endemic

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50
Q

hepatitis A virus infection can cause

A

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

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51
Q

hepatitis A virus infection often presents with

A

jaundice

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52
Q

anicteric hepatitis

A

anicteric hepatitis (hepatitis without jaundice) is more likely to be seen young children and infants infected with hepatitis A virus

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53
Q

smokers with hepatitis A often develop

A

an aversion to smoking

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54
Q

the duration of hepatitis A symptoms typically last around a

A

month

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55
Q

hepatitis A is often a

A

self-limiting infection

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56
Q

hepatitis A has no

A

carrier or chronic state

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57
Q

the hepatitis A vaccine is an

A

inactivated (killed) vaccine

58
Q

Norovirus/Norwalk virus

A
  1. positive sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. Caliciviridae family
  4. naked virus
59
Q

the whole genome of Norovirus/Norwalk virus is translated into

A

one long polyprotein that is cleaved by host and viral proteases

60
Q

Norovirus/Norwalk virus outbreaks commonly occur in

A
  1. places where people are in close quarters (i.e. cruise ships)
  2. day care centers and schools
61
Q

Norovirus/Norwalk virus infection is associated with

A

consumption of contaminated shellfish

62
Q

Norovirus/Norwalk virus can cause

A

explosive watery diarrhea

63
Q

flaviviruses (i.e. hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus) are

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Positive sense viruses
  3. enveloped
64
Q

flaviviruses

A
  1. hepatitis C virus
  2. West Nile virus
  3. Yellow fever virus
  4. Dengue virus
65
Q

the genomes of flaviviruses (i.e. hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus) contain

A

a single RNA segment

66
Q

Dengue virus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Positive sense viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. flaviviridae
67
Q

the _____ is the vector of Dengue virus

A

aedes mosquito

68
Q

type 2 dengue fever is alternatively called

A

breakbone fever

69
Q

classic dengue fever can progress to

A

classic dengue fever can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever in severe cases, leading to thrombocytopenia and spontaneous bleeding

70
Q

dengue fever can lead to

A

acute renal failure

71
Q

Yellow fever virus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Positive sense viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. flaviviridae
72
Q

the ______ is the vector of Yellow fever virus

A

Aedes mosquito

73
Q

yellow fever often presents with

A

jaundice

74
Q

yellow fever can present with

A

muscle pain, especially severe backache

75
Q

yellow fever is a

A

yellow fever is a hemorrhagic fever and can cause spontaneous bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and mucous membranes (including the nose, mouth, and eyes)

76
Q

Yellow Fever Vaccine

A

a live attenuated vaccine can be administered to prevent yellow fever (especially important for those traveling to Africa and South America)

77
Q

West Nile virus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Positive sense viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. flaviviridae
78
Q

______ are the reservoir for West Nile virus

A

birds

79
Q

_____ are the vectors of West Nile virus

A

Culex spp. mosquitoes

80
Q

West Nile virus infection can have manifestations, including

A
  1. encephalitis
  2. viral meningitis
  3. flaccid paralysis
  4. seizures
  5. coma
81
Q

hepatitis C virus

A
  1. RNA viruses
  2. Positive sense viruses
  3. enveloped
  4. flaviviridae
82
Q

hepatitis C virus can cause

A

liver inflammation and damage (hepatitis), which can result in jaundice

83
Q

hepatitis C virus can be transmitted via

A
  1. exposure to infected blood (i.e. sharing needles or blood transfusions)
  2. sharing needles or needlestick injuries
84
Q

the envelope proteins of the hepatitis C virus exhibit

A

antigenic variation

85
Q

the virion-encoded RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus

A

the virion-encoded RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus lacks proofreading exonuclease activity in the 3’-5’ direction, making it prone to frequent mutations → antigenic variation

86
Q

hepatitis C virus can cause

A

liver inflammation and damage (hepatitis), which can result in jaundice

87
Q

60-80% of patients infected with hepatitis C virus develop

A

chronic infection

88
Q

hepatitis C virus can cause

A
  1. cirrhosis

2. hepatocellular carcinoma (usually after development of cirrhosis)

89
Q

ALT in hepatitis C

A

ALT will be elevated during the acute stage of hepatitis C virus infection and fall after 6 months

90
Q

hepatitis C virus infection is associated with

A

hepatitis C virus infection is associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia (development of predominantly IgM immunoglobulins that precipitate at colder temperatures)

91
Q

Treatment of Hepatitis C

A

ribavirin is used in combination therapy with interferon alpha to treat hepatitis C virus infection

92
Q

protease inhibitors block replication of hepatitis C virus by

A

protease inhibitors block replication of hepatitis C virus by preventing cleavage of proteins vital for producing infectious forms of the virus

93
Q

togaviruses

A
  1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
  2. Western Equine Encephalitis
    3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
  3. Rubella virus
94
Q

togaviruses (i.e. Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rubella virus) are

A
  1. RNA Viruses

2. Positive sense

95
Q

Togaviruses in the Alphavirus genus (i.e. Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) are

A

arboviruses (viruses that are arthropod-borne)

96
Q

Arboviruses

A

viruses that are arthropod borne

97
Q

Alphavirus Genus

A
  1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
  2. Western Equine Encephalitis
    3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
98
Q

_______ are common vectors of togaviruses (i.e. Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rubella virus)

A

mosquitoes

99
Q

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) cause

A

encephalitis

100
Q

Rubella

A

rubella (or the German measles) is a childhood exanthem caused by Rubella virus

101
Q

Rubella virus, Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are

A

enveloped

102
Q

Rubella virus

A
  1. positive sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. Togaviridae family
103
Q

rubella can present with

A

tender postauricular and occipital lymphadenopathy

104
Q

rubella typically presents with a

A

distinctive maculopapular rash that begins on the face and spreads inferiorly

105
Q

Rubella virus is transmitted via

A

respiratory droplets

106
Q

Rubella virus can be transmitted

A

vertically

107
Q

Rubella viruses are a _____ infection

A

TORCHeS

108
Q

The classic triad of symptoms seen in congenital rubella

A
  1. patent ductus arteriosus
  2. congenital cataracts
  3. sensorineural deafness
109
Q

congenital rubella may present with

A
  1. blueberry muffin rash

2. jaundice

110
Q

rubella in adults may present with

A

arthritis or arthralgias of the knees, wrists, and fingers

111
Q

the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is

A

the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine administered to prevent rubella (as well as measles and mumps)

112
Q

______ is a contraindication for the MMR vaccine

A

pregnancy

113
Q

the live attenuated MMR vaccine should only be administered to HIV-positive patients who have a

A

CD4+ count >200

114
Q

the whole genome of togaviruses (i.e. Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rubella virus) is translated into

A

one long polyprotein that is cleaved by host and viral proteases

115
Q

Coronaviridae

A
  1. positive sense
  2. RNA Virus family
  3. enveloped
116
Q

the capsules of coronaviruses are

A

helical

117
Q

coronaviruses can cause the

A

common cold

118
Q

coronaviruses can cause

A

upper respiratory infections that can lead to SARS or MERS (and even acute respiratory failure)

119
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A
  1. positive sense
  2. RNA virus
  3. Retroviridae family
  4. enveloped
120
Q

if left untreated, HIV infection can lead to

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

121
Q

HIV is a

A

diploid virus; each HIV virion is composed of two copies of positive-sense RNA

122
Q

the gag gene of HIV

A

encodes the p24 protein (thousands of p24 protein products comprise the conical capsid of HIV)

123
Q

the env gene of HIV

A
  1. the env gene of HIV encodes the gp41 and gp120 envelope proteins
  2. the env gene encodes HIV envelope proteins, including the transmembrane protein gp41
  3. the env gene encodes HIV envelope proteins, including the surface protein gp120
124
Q

the pol gene of HIV

A

the pol gene of HIV encodes a reverse transcriptase (an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which converts RNA to DNA

125
Q

HIV initially infects

A

macrophages

126
Q

HIV infects

A

CD4+ helper T-cells

127
Q

acute HIV infection

A

acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome) frequently presents with flu or mono-like symptoms such as cervical lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis

128
Q

acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome) frequently presents with

A

fever

129
Q

CD4+ helper T-cells (which are targeted by HIV) are

A

CD4+ helper T-cells (which are targeted by HIV) are white blood cells (lymphocytes)

130
Q

HIV undergoes

A

HIV undergoes a clinical latent period (or incubation period) that can last up to 10 years

131
Q

a ______ is the diagnostic marker of AIDS

A

a CD4+ count <200 is the diagnostic marker of AIDS

132
Q

patients with HIV are at a higher risk of

A

patients with HIV are at a higher risk of some cancers, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

133
Q

HIV gains entry into host cells via

A
  1. the CCR5 receptor in early stages of infection

2. the CXCR4 receptor in later stages of infection

134
Q

ELISA and HIV

A

detects the presence of anti-HIV antibodies (ELISAs are used to screen for HIV)

135
Q

______ are used to screen for HIV

A

ELISAs

136
Q

_______ is done to confirm HIV infection in patients who tested positive on an ELISA screening test

A

a western blot (which detects the p24 antigen) is done to confirm HIV infection in patients who tested positive on an ELISA screening test

137
Q

nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are

A

non-functional nucleotide analogs that prevent the elongation of DNA molecules synthesized by HIV’s reverse transcriptase (NRTIs are incorporated into the DNA chain)

138
Q

_______ should be used for pregnant HIV patients to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to the fetus

A

Zovudine

139
Q

non-nucleoside/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) block

A

non-nucleoside/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) block the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV so that the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA cannot occur (NNRTIs are not incorporated into the DNA chain)

140
Q

NRTIs and NNRTIs are

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

141
Q

protease inhibitors block replication of HIV by

A

protease inhibitors block replication of HIV by binding proteases and preventing cleavage of proteins that are vital for producing infectious forms of the virus

142
Q

______ blocks the CCR5 host cell membrane protein, preventing HIV from fusing with the host cell

A

maraviroc

NBME Micro (36 decks)

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