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NBME Micro > Bacteria: Gram Indeterminate Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria: Gram Indeterminate Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

List the gram indeterminate bacteria

A
  1. Chlamydia trachomatis
  2. Chlamydia pneumonaie
  3. Chlamydia Psittaci
  4. Coxiella burnetti
  5. Gardnerella Vaginalis
  6. Mycoplasma Pnuemoniae
  7. Rickettsia Prowazekii
  8. Rickettsia Rickettsii
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2
Q

Chlamydia spp. bacteria are

A

obligate intracellular ogranisms

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3
Q

Chlamydia spp. bacteria take up

A

Gram stain poorly (Chlamydia spp. are weakly gram-negative)

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4
Q

the cell wall of Chlamydia spp. bacteria

A

lacks muramic acid (a component of peptidoglycan)

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5
Q

elementary bodies

A

elementary bodies (the extracellular, infectious form of Chlamydia) are formed in the first of two developmental stages of Chlamydia and do not replicate

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6
Q

reticulate bodies

A

(the intracellular, replicating form of Chlamydia) are formed in the second of two developmental stages of Chlamydia

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7
Q

after division, Chlamydia reticulate bodies

A

after division, Chlamydia reticulate bodies transform back to elementary bodies (the nonreplicating infectious form) and are released from the host cell

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8
Q

intracytoplasmic reticulate bodies of Chlamydia can be seen as

A

intracellular inclusion bodies on microscopy

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9
Q

Giemsa stain can be used to visualize

A

Chlamydia intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

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10
Q

a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is the preferred method to detect the presence of

A

Chlamydia bacteria

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11
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K and L1-L3 cause

A

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

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12
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are

A

sexually transmitted, and infection often presents with watery vaginal or urethral discharge

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13
Q

STIs caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K may lead to

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if left untreated

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14
Q

STIs caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K may be transmitted from

A

mother to child during delivery and often cause conjunctivitis or pneumonia

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15
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1-L3 can cause

A

lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which is characterized by painful inguinal lymphadenopathy

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16
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A-C can cause

A

infection of the eye known as trachoma (the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world)

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17
Q

hand-to-eye contact is the most common mode of transmission of

A

trachoma (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A-C); trachoma can also be transmitted via fomites

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18
Q

reactive arthritis (or Reiter’s syndrome) is a

A

complication that can develop in response to infections caused by certain bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis

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19
Q

the classic triad of symptoms seen in Reiter’s syndrome (caused by multiple pathogens, including Chlamydia spp.) includes

A
  1. uveitis
  2. urethriris
  3. arthritis
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20
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae can cause

A

atypical pneumonia

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21
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci is transmitted via

A

bird droppings and can cause atypical pneumonia

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22
Q

_____ are effective against Chlamydia spp.

A
  1. macrolides (particularly azithromycin)

2. tetracyclines (particularly doxycycline)

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23
Q

the standard treatment for suspected chlamydial infection

A

the standard treatment for suspected chlamydial infection presumes a Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis co-infection; ceftriaxone should be administered in addition to azithromycin or doxycycline (effective against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, respectively)

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24
Q

Coxiella burnetti bacteria are

A
  1. gram negative

2. obligate intracellular ogranisms

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25
Q

Coxiella burnetii infection does not present with

A

rash

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26
Q

Coxiella burnetii is the cause of

A

Q fever (a typically mild disease that causes flu-like symptoms)

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27
Q

Coxiella burnetii forms

A

spore-like structures that enable the bacteria to survive in the digestive tract and feces of the host

28
Q

Coxiella burnetii is spread via

A

aerosol transmission

29
Q

common symptoms of Q fever include

A

headache and dry cough

30
Q

Q fever can present with

A

fever

31
Q

farm animals are a major reservoir for

A

Coxiella burnetii

32
Q

Q fever can cause

A

granulomatous hepatitis

33
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis bacteria are

A

gram variable

34
Q

if the normal vaginal flora (consisting primarily of acid producing Lactobacillus spp.) is disrupted

A

if the normal vaginal flora (consisting primarily of acid producing Lactobacillus spp.) is disrupted, the pH of the vagina increases, creating a suitable environment for growth of Gardnerella vaginalis

35
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis infections may present with

A

a thin, grey-white, “fishy” smelling vaginal discharge

36
Q

the vaginal discharge from bacterial vaginosis (i.e. Gardnerella vaginalis) has a pH of

A

> 4.5 (usually between 5.0-6.5)

37
Q

the whiff test

A

the whiff test involves the addition of 10% KOH solution to vaginal discharge in suspected bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis; the production of a pungent, fishy odor indicates a positive result

38
Q

wet mount preparation of discharge seen in bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis shows

A

characteristic clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells diffusely covered in Gardnerella vaginalis bacteria)

39
Q

__________ is effective against Gardnerella vaginalis

A

metronidazole

40
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria

A

lack a cell wall and thus cannot be visualized with use of Gram stain

41
Q

the cell membrane of Mycoplasma pneumoniae contains

A

cholesterol

42
Q

chest X-ray of patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniaee infection shows

A

chest X-ray of patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniaee infection shows a reticulonodular or “patchy” infiltrate, which often appears much more severe than the patient’s clinical symptoms

43
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes

A

“walking pneumonia,” which refers to the mild severity of pulmonary infection

44
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is common in

A

military recruits living in close quarters

45
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection commonly occurs in

A

adults under 30 years of age

46
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may result in

A

development of IgM cold agglutinins (immunoglobulins that cause the agglutination of RBCs at low temperatures), which can lead to hemolysis

47
Q

________ ________ is designed to grow Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Eaton’s agar

48
Q

________ are effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

macrolides

49
Q

Rickettsia spp. bacteria are

A
  1. obligate intracellular organisms

2. weakly gram-negative coccobacilli

50
Q

Rickettsia spp. bacteria take up

A

Gram stain poorly (Rickettsia spp. are weakly gram-negative)

51
Q

host eukaryotic cells provide Rickettsia spp. bacteria with a source of

A
  1. CoA (which is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction); Rickettsia bacteria cannot produce CoA on their own
  2. NAD+ (which is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction); Rickettsia bacteria cannot produce NAD+ on their own
52
Q

the Weil-Felix test is

A

an agglutination test that aids in diagnosis of rickettsial infections

53
Q

headache and fever are common symptoms of

A

early rickettsial infections

54
Q

rickettsial infections commonly result in

A

a small-vessel vasculitis

55
Q

rickettsial infections commonly cause

A

vasculitis, resulting in a petechial or maculopapular rash

56
Q

________ is the drug of choice for treatment of Rickettsia spp. infection

A

doxycycline

57
Q

the rash seen in Rickettsia prowazekii infection

A
  1. develops centrally on the trunk and spreads outward to the extremities
  2. typically spares the face, palms, and soles
58
Q

military camp recruits and prisoners of war are at a higher risk for

A

Rickettsia prowazekii infection

59
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii is transmitted via

A

the feces of lice and is introduced into the bloodstream when a patient scratches the feeding/defecation sites

60
Q

the disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is called

A

epidemic typhus

61
Q

________ and ________ are common symptoms of Rickettsia prowazekii infection

A

myalgias and arthralgias

62
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii infection can lead to

A

pnuemonia

63
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii infection can cause

A

encephalitis, which may present with fever, dizziness, and confusion

64
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii causes

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

65
Q

the Dermacentor tick is the vector of

A

Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria

66
Q

the rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever develops

A
  1. after a 2-14 day incubation period

2. peripherally on the wrists and ankles and spreads centrally to the trunk

67
Q

symptoms of Rickettsia rickettsii infection include

A

headache, fever, myalgias, and rash

NBME Micro (36 decks)

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