Viruses - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How are Virus families classified?

A

Virion Structure
Prescence/abscence of an envelope
Host Range
Mode of Replication

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2
Q

What is a Virion?

A

The entire virus particle.

The outer protein capsid & inner nucleic acid.

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3
Q

What part of the virus replication process occurs in the nucleus of host cell?

A

mRNA synthesis

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4
Q

Where is the genomic nucleic acid synthesised?

A

the cytosol

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5
Q

Why must viruses be cultured in live cells?

A

Because viruses can only reproduce within a host cell

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6
Q

How are cells grown for virus cultures?

A

In a nutrient containing medium in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.

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7
Q

How are HIV & HEP B transmitted?

A

Blood-Borne
Sexual
Vertical

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8
Q

How is Polio transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral transmission.

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9
Q

What is droplet transmission + an example.?

A

Transmission by large particels like sneeze or cough particles, has a very short range.
Influenza & RSV

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10
Q

How is the herpes simplex virus transmitteD?

A

By close-contact

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11
Q

What is zoonotic transmission?

A

direct transmission from animals to humans via air (influenza) or bites (rabies)

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12
Q

What are examples of airborne virus’?

A

Measles & chickenpox

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13
Q

What is vector-borne transmission?

A

virus’ transmitted by anthropods like mosquitoes & ticks.

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14
Q

What does host range mean?

A

The range of hosts a virus can infect.

E.g. smallpox & measles only infect humans

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15
Q

How can a novel virus be transmitted to humans?

A

Coinfection of human & animal/bird strains in one organism can lead to recombination & generation of a new strain trasmittable to both.

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16
Q

What is viral latency & examples

A

Expression of the viral genome is restricted within the hostcell until reactivated.
E.g. Herpes Simplex

17
Q

What is transformation of a viral infection?

A

Long term infection with altered cellular gene expression.

e.g. Epstein-Barr

18
Q

What common virus’ result in chronic infection?

A

HIV, HEP B & HEP C

19
Q

Example of a virus cleared with no lasting immunity?

A

Hepatitis C

20
Q

Example of a virus cleared with long term immunity?

A

Measles

21
Q

What 3 things can be dected to diagnose a virus?

A

Full organism
PArts e.g. antigen or nucleic acid
The immune response toa apthogen e.g. antibodies

22
Q

How is a whole virus oranism detected?

A

By microscopy & culture, neither of which are used anymore

23
Q

How is part of an organism detected?

A

Antigen or DNA/RNA detection

reacts with a coatin, e.g. antibody coating reacts with antigen

24
Q

What is immune resposne detection used to determine?

A

Acute infection and prior infection.

25
Q

What two reasons are there for the low use of anti-virals?

A

There are often side effects (toxicity to host cell)

There are limited viral protiens to target because they use host cell enzymes.

26
Q

What 4 things are antivirals used for?

A
  • Prophylaxis (prevents infection)
  • Pre-emptive Therapy (when infection detected but no symptoms)
  • Overt disease treatment
  • Suppressive Therapy (Keeps viral replication below tissue damae rates)
27
Q

In what 3 ways do viruses cause cancer?

A
  • Drives cell proliferation
  • Prevents programmed cell death
  • persistent inflammatory process leads to cancer via reactive oxygen species
28
Q

Examples of respiratory viral infection:

A

Influenza A
Rhinovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus

29
Q

Examples of Gastrointestinal viral infection?

A

Rotavirus

30
Q

Examples of neurological viral infections?

A

Enterovirus

Herpes Simplex Virus

31
Q

Examples of viruses causing tumours?

A

Papillomavirus

Retroviruses