Viruses (DOLT) Flashcards

Question

lysogenic cycle

Answer 1

not actively causing a disease turns into lytic cycle when environmental factors trigger DNA into taking control of the cell after DNA is injected into the host cell nothing happens during the lysogenic cycle

Answer 2

common cold, influenza (flu), measles, mumps, rhubella, chicken pox, hepatitis, rabies, polio, small px, HIV

Answer 3

very young, elderly, imunocompromised people, people who are already sick

Answer 4

healthy young-middle aged adults

Answer 5

depends on virus some are more dangerous than others vulnerability factors affect the seriousness of it and the likelihood of recovery

Answer 6

exception to vulnerability factors much more serious for adults than children adult males can become sterile because of mumps ex. mumps. measles, chicken pox

Answer 7

airborne, bodily fluids, touch

Answer 8

coughing and sneezing | breathe the viruses in

Answer 9

blood, saliva, urine, semen sharing food and drinks ex. STDs

Answer 10

rubbing eyes after touching something that has a virus on it | open cuts or sores

Answer 11

not very long | rely on their host to survive

Answer 12

first line of defense against both viral and bacterial diseases skin, nose, tears

Answer 13

unbroken skin blocks disease | broken skin provides a way for diseases to enter the body

Answer 14

lined with cilia that use mucus to trap incoming viruses | sneeze when there is a build-up of mucus which gets rid of the viruses

Answer 15

salty- creates an unfavourable environment | when eyes are irritated they become watery and wash the irritant away

Answer 16

converge at site of infection and engulf bacteria or viruses | die when they are too many inside them

Answer 17

destroy bacteria or viruses with an enzyme after white blood cell engulfs it

Answer 18

mix of dead white blood cells, viruses and bacteria

Answer 19

cause swelling and redness | cells near infection release histamines to dialate blood vessels- increase supply of white blood cells

Answer 20

cause cells to release histamine | anti-histamines counter it

Answer 21

produced by thymus gland (located under sternum) | direct the immune system response

Answer 22

released from thymus gland by Helper T cells | kill cells infected with viruses to prevent them from splitting

Answer 23

Helper T cells activate 2 types: plasma and memory 'b' stands for bone marrow responsible for immunity fevers help produce them

Answer 24

returns body back to normal after infection

Answer 25

protein released by cells interacting during an infections speed up action of T cells and B cells Human Interferon is produced by genetic engineering

Answer 26

final line of defense y shaped molecules attach to viruses and destroy them can prevent viruses from infecting more cells

Answer 27

projections on viruses that antibodies use to connect to them

Answer 28

produced by plasma B cells

Answer 29

"remember" antigens | produce the correct antibodies immediately

Answer 30

means you will not contract a certain disease | different types: genetic or exposure

Answer 31

get antibodies from their mothers through the placenta and breast feeding lose their immunity because memory B cells aren't created and antibodies don't last for a long time

Answer 32

temporary immunity done during epidemics for medical personnel and essential service workers isolated from donated blood

Answer 33

2 ways: 1. having the disease: memory B cells are created as your body fights the illness 2. vaccines: trick the body into believing its had the disease and creates memory B cells

Answer 34

injections of dead or weakened viruses only effective if virus doesn't change or mutate sometimes feel a little ill after getting one

Answer 35

discovered the first vaccine in 1796 | injected cow pox into a child and then small pox after the child recovered and the child did not develop small pox

Answer 36

some people are opposed to them based on religious, safety, personal choice, and ethical grounds some people can be allergic to the eggs used to create vaccines (tend to be other options available) fewer people vaccinated=higher risk of epidemic

Answer 37

published by Andrew Wakefield in 90s many children were no vaccinated in response 2011- Wakefield lost his license for falsifying the research (too late for many children) 2019- many epidemics of measles in different countries

Answer 38

airborne RNA virus spreads across the world every year and varies in severity symptoms: chills, fever, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, runny nose, sore throat sunlight, detergents and disinfectants kill it

Answer 39

based on the WHOs prediction of what strains will be present in the next year some years it is more accurate than others takes 2 weeks to take effect

Answer 40

birds and mammals (not just humans) | cross from one species to another through mutation

Answer 41

1918-19 after WWI most severe flu outbreak ever reported "Spanish" because Spain reported the most openly about the symptoms and severity ~100mil people were killed (more than in the war) killed the young-middle aged healthy adults caused overactivity of immune system

Answer 42

2009 outbreak better controlled ~300.000 deaths

Answer 43

human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)- disease in the human immune system transmitted through blood, unprotected sex, placenta, childbirth, breast feeding, contaminated needles, blood transfusions not transmitted through saliva or tears, or other bodily fluids RNA virus- can undergo a lysogenic cycle and remain dormant for years attacks Helper T cells people with AIDS have lowered immune system no cure or vaccine

Answer 44

slow progress of HIV/AIDS and increase life expectancy very expensive required for the rest of the person's life many side effects