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SBI3U > Viruses (DOLT) > Flashcards

Viruses (DOLT) Flashcards

1
Q

commonality between viruses and bacteria

A

affect on human health

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2
Q

living or non-living

A

some believe they are living but they don’t meet all the requirements to be considered living organisms

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3
Q

size

A

discovered around 100 years ago because they are so small. around 1/100th size of bacteria

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4
Q

where are they found?

A

every ecosystem

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5
Q

structures

A

interior- long strand of genetic material
extensions- allow viruses to attach to other cells
some have an additional coating made up of lipid molecules

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6
Q

genetic material

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by protective coat of protein

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7
Q

structural shapes

A

helical
circular
polyhedral- multisurfaced
complex

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8
Q

internal organelles

A

no internal organelles

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9
Q

energy

A

no mitocondria or chloroplasts

can’t create or use energy

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10
Q

protein synthesis

A

no ribosomes

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11
Q

cytoplasm

A

no

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12
Q

consumption and excretion

A

don’t consume anything or produce any waste

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13
Q

motility

A

not motile

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14
Q

virus structures

A

surface proteins, capsid, genetic material, viral envelope

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15
Q

classification

A

shape, type of genetic material, or type of organism/tissue they infect

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16
Q

bacteriophages “phages”

A

viruses that can infect bacteria and kill them

useful in search for vectors for genetic engineering

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17
Q

Felix D’Herelle

A

Canadian scientist
discovered phages
researched ways to cholera and typhoid with viruses
research halted when penicillin was discovered

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18
Q

viral reproduction

A

can only reproduce inside a living host/cell

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19
Q

infected by a virus

A

virus is inside your cells and reproducing to create more viruses and infect more cells
create a “virus factory”- cells can no longer perform their usual functions
last step in reproduction is splitting the cell open and releasing 1000s of new viruses

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20
Q

ways for a virus to enter a cell

A
  1. cell engulfs virus like an amoeba engulfs its food
  2. protein layer of virus fuses with the host cell’s membrane
  3. DNA viruses- inject genetic material into cytoplasm
  4. RNA viruses- have an enzyme that converts RNA to DNA then injects it into cytoplasm
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21
Q

reproduction cycles

A

lytic and lysogenic

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22
Q

lyric cycle

A

actively causing a disease
starts when virus is engulfed into host cell or fuses to it
viral DNA becomes part of host DNA and host used its own enzymes to help viruses reproduce
host’s ribosomes make protein for viruses
cycle continues as viruses continue to be engulfed or fuse

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23
Q

making a new virus

A

protein and DNA is assembled during lytic cycle

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24
Q

lyses

A

when a cell splits open because it is too full of viruses

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25
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

not actively causing a disease
turns into lytic cycle when environmental factors trigger DNA into taking control of the cell
after DNA is injected into the host cell nothing happens during the lysogenic cycle

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26
Q

examples of viral diseases

A

common cold, influenza (flu), measles, mumps, rhubella, chicken pox, hepatitis, rabies, polio, small px, HIV

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27
Q

vulnerability factors for viral diseases

A

very young, elderly, imunocompromised people, people who are already sick

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28
Q

least vulnerable

A

healthy young-middle aged adults

29
Q

recovery from viral diseases

A

depends on virus
some are more dangerous than others
vulnerability factors affect the seriousness of it and the likelihood of recovery

30
Q

childhood diseases

A

exception to vulnerability factors
much more serious for adults than children
adult males can become sterile because of mumps
ex. mumps. measles, chicken pox

31
Q

ways to spread viral diseases

A

airborne, bodily fluids, touch

32
Q

spread airborne

A

coughing and sneezing

breathe the viruses in

33
Q

spread through bodily fluids

A

blood, saliva, urine, semen
sharing food and drinks
ex. STDs

34
Q

spread through touch

A

rubbing eyes after touching something that has a virus on it

open cuts or sores

35
Q

lifetime outside of a living host/cell

A

not very long

rely on their host to survive

36
Q

mechanical barriers

A

first line of defense against both viral and bacterial diseases
skin, nose, tears

37
Q

skin

A

unbroken skin blocks disease

broken skin provides a way for diseases to enter the body

38
Q

nose

A

lined with cilia that use mucus to trap incoming viruses

sneeze when there is a build-up of mucus which gets rid of the viruses

39
Q

tears

A

salty- creates an unfavourable environment

when eyes are irritated they become watery and wash the irritant away

40
Q

second line of defense against disease

A

cellular

41
Q

white blood cells

A

converge at site of infection and engulf bacteria or viruses

die when they are too many inside them

42
Q

lysosomes

A

destroy bacteria or viruses with an enzyme after white blood cell engulfs it

43
Q

pus

A

mix of dead white blood cells, viruses and bacteria

44
Q

histamines

A

cause swelling and redness

cells near infection release histamines to dialate blood vessels- increase supply of white blood cells

45
Q

allergic reactions

A

cause cells to release histamine

anti-histamines counter it

46
Q

Helper T cells

A

produced by thymus gland (located under sternum)

direct the immune system response

47
Q

Killer T cells

A

released from thymus gland by Helper T cells

kill cells infected with viruses to prevent them from splitting

48
Q

B cells

A

Helper T cells activate 2 types: plasma and memory
‘b’ stands for bone marrow
responsible for immunity
fevers help produce them

49
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

returns body back to normal after infection

50
Q

interferon

A

protein released by cells interacting during an infections
speed up action of T cells and B cells
Human Interferon is produced by genetic engineering

51
Q

antibodies

A

final line of defense
y shaped molecules
attach to viruses and destroy them
can prevent viruses from infecting more cells

52
Q

antigens

A

projections on viruses that antibodies use to connect to them

53
Q

production of antibodies

A

produced by plasma B cells

54
Q

memory B cells

A

“remember” antigens

produce the correct antibodies immediately

55
Q

immunity

A

means you will not contract a certain disease

different types: genetic or exposure

56
Q

immunity in babies

A

get antibodies from their mothers through the placenta and breast feeding
lose their immunity because memory B cells aren’t created and antibodies don’t last for a long time

57
Q

injections of antibodies

A

temporary immunity
done during epidemics for medical personnel and essential service workers
isolated from donated blood

58
Q

permanent immunity

A

2 ways:

  1. having the disease: memory B cells are created as your body fights the illness
  2. vaccines: trick the body into believing its had the disease and creates memory B cells
59
Q

vaccines

A

injections of dead or weakened viruses
only effective if virus doesn’t change or mutate
sometimes feel a little ill after getting one

60
Q

Edward Jenner

A

discovered the first vaccine in 1796

injected cow pox into a child and then small pox after the child recovered and the child did not develop small pox

61
Q

not being vaccinated

A

some people are opposed to them based on religious, safety, personal choice, and ethical grounds
some people can be allergic to the eggs used to create vaccines (tend to be other options available)
fewer people vaccinated=higher risk of epidemic

62
Q

link between vaccines and autism

A

published by Andrew Wakefield in 90s
many children were no vaccinated in response
2011- Wakefield lost his license for falsifying the research (too late for many children)
2019- many epidemics of measles in different countries

63
Q

the flu

A

airborne RNA virus
spreads across the world every year and varies in severity
symptoms: chills, fever, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, runny nose, sore throat
sunlight, detergents and disinfectants kill it

64
Q

vaccine for the flu

A

based on the WHOs prediction of what strains will be present in the next year
some years it is more accurate than others
takes 2 weeks to take effect

65
Q

what the flu infects

A

birds and mammals (not just humans)

cross from one species to another through mutation

66
Q

Spanish flu

A

1918-19 after WWI
most severe flu outbreak ever reported
“Spanish” because Spain reported the most openly about the symptoms and severity
~100mil people were killed (more than in the war)
killed the young-middle aged healthy adults
caused overactivity of immune system

67
Q

H1N1 virus

A

2009 outbreak
better controlled
~300.000 deaths

68
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus
causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)- disease in the human immune system
transmitted through blood, unprotected sex, placenta, childbirth, breast feeding, contaminated needles, blood transfusions
not transmitted through saliva or tears, or other bodily fluids
RNA virus- can undergo a lysogenic cycle and remain dormant for years
attacks Helper T cells
people with AIDS have lowered immune system
no cure or vaccine

69
Q

ARVs

A

slow progress of HIV/AIDS and increase life expectancy
very expensive
required for the rest of the person’s life
many side effects

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