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Bacteria (DOLT) Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryote or eukaryote

A

prokaryote

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2
Q

ways to classify

A

staining, shape and grouping, oxygen requirements

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3
Q

staining classification

A

used to make bacteria easier to see under microscope

Gram stain is the most common type of stain

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4
Q

Gram stain

A 
2 stains: 
1. deep violet (applied first)
2. red (applied after rinsing process- second stain)
makes cell walls more visible
two classifications
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5
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

retain violet colouring
thick cell walls
usually dormant spores in unfavourable conditions
can produce a toxin when reproducing- leads to sepsis and blood poisoning

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6
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

lose violet colouring during rinsing process

thinner cell walls

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7
Q

classification based on shape and grouping

A 
3 basic shapes: 
1. coccus
2. bacillus
3. spirullum
basic arrangements of coccus and bacillus:
1. diplo
2. strepto
3. staphylo
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8
Q

coccus shape

A

spherical or oval

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9
Q

bacillus shape

A

rod shapped

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10
Q

spirullum shape

A

spiral shape (usually solitary)

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11
Q

diplo arrangement

A

paired

group of 2

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12
Q

strpto arrangement

A

long chain

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13
Q

stphylo arrangement

A

grape-like cluster

bacillus not defined in this arrangement

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14
Q

classification based on oxygen requirements

A

most are aerobic

some are faculative anaerobic or obligate anaerobic

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15
Q

autotrophic or heterotrophic

A

heterotrophic

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16
Q

faculative anaerobic

A

grow better without oxygen but can survive with it

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17
Q

aerobic

A

rely on environment containing oxygen

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18
Q

obligate anaerobic

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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19
Q

repreoduction

A

most use binary fission
grow larger and larger until single chromosome is duplicated and divides into two cells
can reproduce every 20 minutes

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20
Q

conjugation

A

genetic material is exchanged between 2 bacteria cells

involves pili and plasmids

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21
Q

conjugation process

A
  1. donor cell and recipient cell connect a pilus to form a tube
  2. double stranded plasmid from donor cell seperates
  3. one strand of plasmid from donor cell enters recipient cell and remains in donor cell
  4. DNA replicates to create double stranded plasmids in both cells
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22
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

genes from plasmid integrated into chromosome

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23
Q

coming into contact with harmful bacteria

A

through improper handling or under-cooked food

24
Q

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

found in intestines of some mammals (including humans)
synthesizes vitamin K and controlling other disease causing bacteria
some types can infect humans
found in contaminated water, under-cooked ground meat and unwashed produce

25
Symptoms of E. coli
nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps symptoms show 2-5 days after exposure and can last for weeks severe cases can cause kidney failure and death young, elderly, and people who have compromised immune systems are more likely to develop serious cases
26
"hamburger disease"
nickname of E. coli because of its association with round meat
27
outbreak of E. coli
2002 Walkerton, ON 2,500 people infected 7 deaths
28
Salmonela
found in raw or under-cooked chicken, eggs, and some dairy
29
preventing salmonela
separate meat cutting board | washing hands and anything that comes into contact with raw meat
30
symptoms of salmonela
diarrhea, stomach pain, chills, nausea, headaches appear 6-24 hours after exposure lasts 1-2 days
31
Staphylococus
found on human skin | spread through improper hand washing
32
symptoms of staphylococcus
nausea, diarrhea, vomiting symptoms show 1-6 hours after exposure risk of severe dehydration
33
Listeria
found in processed meat and dairy products | reproduces slowly in fridge
34
symptoms of listeria
similar to other kinds of food poisoning serious cases can cause miscarriages or meningitis symptoms appear soon after digestion-3 weeks after
35
Clostridium botulism
most serious and uncommon form of food poisoning affects nervous system common name- botulism found in improperly canned processed foods in air tight containers
36
symptoms of botulism
blurred vision, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing symptoms appear 4hrs-1 week after ingestion fatal if not treated immediately
37
necrotizing facscitis
medical term for flesh eating bacteria bacteria infects deep layers of skin and muscle, spreading along fascia fascia- connective tissue around muscles not common spreads very quickly- amputation is sometimes required can be caused by a type of streptococcus
38
necrotizing
dead or dying tissue
39
facscitis
inflammation of the fascia
40
tetanus
same genus as botulism soil bacteria not caused by rust
41
symptoms of tetanus
paralysis (often in jaw muscles) | can affect all muscles with spasms that becomes painful
42
uses for bacteria
bacteria function as decomposers- break down dead organisms into nutrients other organisms can use nutrient cycles rely on bacteria ex. carbon and nitrogen cycle
43
good bacteria in food
living cultures of bacteria are used to change milk into yogurt some brands of yogurt contain living bacteria "pro-biotics" that help the intestines and control harmful bacteria turning alcohol into vinegar producing some cheeses, sauerkraut, pickles recombinant DNA- plasmid of a bacteria cell can be used as vector that transfers DNA used to treat diabetes and dwarfism
44
treating diabetes
human gene for producing insulin incorporated into a plasmid and passes it along during conjugation binary fission creates a lot of insulin as the insulin gene continues to be passed on
45
controlling bacteria
proper handwashing (best way), disinfectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, sulfa drugs
46
disinfectants
kill bacteria on non-living surfaces | create an unfavourable environment
47
antiseptics
kill bacteria and prevent spread on living tissue | not as strong or toxic as disinfectants
48
antibiotics
kill bacteria inside the body only harm bacteria works in a number of different ways: -disabling bacteria's reproductive mechanisms -preventing cell wall growth -preventing bacteria from turning food into energy
49
penicillin
first antibiotic ever discovered discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming based on mold speck's on bacteria purified and accessible to patients in the 1940s used to treat bacterial infections
50
molds and antibiotics
different molds lead to the development of different antibiotics
51
modern antibiotics
most are synthetic | slight structural changes are made to improve effectiveness
52
allergic reactions to antibiotics
mild-severe symptoms: itchy, red hives, swelling, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing any reaction means the patient can not use the antibiotic again due to risk of next reaction being worse
53
sulfa drugs
synthetic first sulfa drug was a red dye most work by blocking bacteria from synthesizing folic acid and vitamin B9 bacteria die without vitamin B9 must drink a lot of water with these drugs
54
proper use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs
``` take exactly as prescribed: -length of time -time of day -number of times a day -with or without food -consumption of alcohol notify doctor of any other medications you are taking and history of allergic reactions to drugs ```
55
using antibiotics
stored in a dark, dry place some must be refrigerated don't take someone else's only use them if necessary

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