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SBI3U > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

cellular level of respiration

A

generation of ATP in mitochondria- oxygen is required for chemical reactions to produce ATP
main source of energy in eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

organism level of respiration

A

breathing

bringing oxygen from the environment into the body and getting rid of CO2 from the body into the environment

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3
Q

respiratory surface

A

boundary between exterior environment and interior of body
large surface area
thick, permeable surface
moist surface

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4
Q

unicellular respiration

A

through cell membrane

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5
Q

multicellular respiration

A

specialized organs

ex. lungs, gills, leaves

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6
Q

rate of gaseous exchange

A

depends on surface area that’s in contact with surrounding environment

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7
Q

oxygen requirements and physical activity

A

mostly consistent in relation to level of activity

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8
Q

organisms with large volumes

A

bigger organisms have more volume and surface area

surface to volume ratio determines the ability to meet the oxygen requirements

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9
Q

large animals and ease of respiration

A

have a harder time with exchange of gases

the ratio of surface area to volume is less than in smaller organisms like bacteria

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10
Q

surface area to volume ratios

A

as organism gets bigger, surface area to volume ratio gets smaller
bacteria have a lot of surface area compared to its volume

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11
Q

adaptations in larger organisms to help with gas exchange

A

lungs, gills, leaves

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12
Q

function of respiratory system

A

provide oxygen from outside environment to cells and take away CO2 into outside environment

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13
Q

amoeba respiratory system

A

respiration by diffusion between cell and water
ectoplasm absorbs O2 from H2O and releases CO2 into H2O
O2 is diffused into parts of cell that is used in metabolic reactions
diffusion is sufficient for this cell because the cell is so small that the outside environment (H20) is never far from the center of the cell

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14
Q

insect respiratory systems

A

don’t breathe through mouth
don’t have lungs
air comes in through holes in exoskeleton called spiracles

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15
Q

spiracles (insects)

A

first part of respiratory tract in insects
1 pair per body segment
air flow controlled by muscle flaps into valves

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16
Q

tracheal trunk (insects)

A

second part of respiratory system in insects
system of tubes that get smaller and smaller
reach every part of body
air diffuses through them

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17
Q

parts of human respiratory system

A 
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
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18
Q

upper respiratory tract in humans

A

used for speech

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19
Q

interstitial fluid

A

picks up CO2 and waste gas and returns it to blood

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20
Q

lungs

A

2- right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2
internal organs that meet with a lot of gasses and outside materials
contain bronchioles and alveoli
mucus protects lungs from dust
contain phagocytes that protect alveoli by killing bacteria that wasn’t trapped by mucus

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21
Q

alveoli

A

make up respiratory surface in lungs
walls are one cell thick
H2O diffuses through it to keep alveoli moist
O2 dissolves into H2O before diffusing into blood through cells- taken in haemoglobin

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22
Q

heart-lung machine

A

used during bypass surgery when heart has to be stopped to sew healthy artery onto surface of heart
circulates blood through machine, performing all functions of heart and lungs
“by passes” the heart and lungs

23
Q

controlling breathing

A
  1. brain stem receptors respond to rise in CO2 in blood
  2. brain stem has receptors respond to blood pH
  3. bronchioles dilate in response to high CO2 levels
  4. bodies in aorta respond to extreme situations of gas levels
  5. voluntary control by cerebrum
24
Q

rise in CO2 levels in blood

A

pons and medulla oblongata in brain stem control rate of respiration

25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

triggers breathing process
sends impulses down brain stem, spinal chord and phrenic nerves into diaphragm and intercostal muscles
causes inhalation

26
Q

change in blood pH

A

lactic acid due to lack of O2 in muscles lowers pH in blood

27
Q

bronchioles

A

smooth muscle cells very sensitive to CO2 concentration
dilate with rising CO2 levels causing less resistance to air travelling through
located in lungs

28
Q

bronchodilators

A

hormone that triggers dilation of bronchioles

29
Q

epinephrine

A

has similar effect on bronchioles as bronchodilators

used in epi-pens and asthma pumps

30
Q

chemoreceptors in major arteries

A

extreme levels of CO2 and O2 causes them to send messages to medulla oblongata

31
Q

cerebrum

A

group of centres in brainstem
can override automatic control of breathing
overridden by motor cortex of cerebrum

32
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic abnormality in glands that produce sweat and mucus
inherited genetic disorder
autosomal recessive on 7th pair
equally effects male and female
around 1 in 20 people in North America are carriers
progressive and usually fatal
no cure

33
Q

electrolyte system in cells and cystic fibrosis

A

creates false electrolyte system
cells in respiratory system absorb too much sodium and O2
secretions that are normally thin in lungs are thick and hard to remove- increases risk of infection

34
Q

infection from cystic fibrosis

A

damage to lungs that cause ells to die
cause chronic cough, blood in septum and sometimes a collapsed lung
symptoms usually words in morning or after activity

35
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of lungs
alveoli fill with pus and other substances
caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical irritants

36
Q

streptococcus pneumonia

A

most common bacteria to cause bacteria pneumonia

usually takes hold when a body is weakened

37
Q

symptoms of bacterial pneumonia

A

shaking, chills, chattering teeth, severe chest pain, high temperature, heavy perspiring, rapid pulse, blush color to lips and nail beds, confused mental state/delirium, cough that produces rust or green coloured mucous

38
Q

TB

A

chronic bacterial infection that infects lungs
airborne
3 stages: exposure, infection, disease
usually need to be exposed to it multiple times to become infected
ventilation helps stop spread

39
Q

exposure stage of TB

A

when a person comes in contact with someone infected with TB
skin test is negative
normal chest x-ray
no signs or symptoms

40
Q

infection stage of TB

A

when person has TB bacteria in their body
positive skin test
normal chest x-ray

41
Q

disease stage of TB

A

signs and symptoms of active infection
positive skin test
positive chest x-ray

42
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

most common TB bacteria

multiplies, causes active disease and overcomes body’s immune system

43
Q

symptoms of TB

A

persistent cough, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, coughing blood, perspiring at night

44
Q

treatment of TB

A

can take months

most feel better soon after starting treatment and stope being contagious

45
Q

lung cancer

A 
usually starts in lining of bronchi
develops over years
don't show symptoms until tumor grows
2 types:
large and small cell
46
Q

large cell lung cancer

A

more common than small cell
doesn’t spread very quickly
usually begins along outer edges of lungs and under lining of bronchi
women and non-smokers are more likely to get this kind
a group of cancers with large, abnormal looking cells

47
Q

small cell lung cancer

A

“oat cell” cancer

grows rapidly and spreads quickly to other organs

48
Q

treatment of lung cancer

A

different carcinogens in different regions of lung are treated differently and cause different symptoms
based on age, overall health, medical history, tolerance for specific medications, procedures/therapies
surgery, radiation, chemo

49
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A

cough, constant chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, recurring lung infections, bloody septum, hoarseness, swelling of neck and face, pain and weakness in shoulder, arm or leg

50
Q

common cold

A

caused by virus that inflames membranes in lining of nose and pharynx
over 200 viruses can cause it
most commonly found in fall and winter
thrive in low humidity
symptoms start a few days after being in contact with virus and last several days to weeks
highly contagious

51
Q

symptoms of common cold

A

scrathcy throat, sneezing, watery eyes, low fever, sore throat, mild hacking cough, achy muscles and bones, headache, fatigue, chills, water discharge from nose that thickens and become yellow or green

52
Q

flu

A 
3 types: A, B and C
C is usually more mild than A and B
continually mutating
new vaccine is produced every September
vaccine is 70-90% effective in healthy adults
mainly airborne
53
Q

symptoms of the flu

A

fever, muscle aches, sore throat, cough

lasts a couple of days

SBI3U (37 decks)

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