Respiratory system Flashcards
cellular level of respiration
generation of ATP in mitochondria- oxygen is required for chemical reactions to produce ATP
main source of energy in eukaryotic cells
organism level of respiration
breathing
bringing oxygen from the environment into the body and getting rid of CO2 from the body into the environment
respiratory surface
boundary between exterior environment and interior of body
large surface area
thick, permeable surface
moist surface
unicellular respiration
through cell membrane
multicellular respiration
specialized organs
ex. lungs, gills, leaves
rate of gaseous exchange
depends on surface area that’s in contact with surrounding environment
oxygen requirements and physical activity
mostly consistent in relation to level of activity
organisms with large volumes
bigger organisms have more volume and surface area
surface to volume ratio determines the ability to meet the oxygen requirements
large animals and ease of respiration
have a harder time with exchange of gases
the ratio of surface area to volume is less than in smaller organisms like bacteria
surface area to volume ratios
as organism gets bigger, surface area to volume ratio gets smaller
bacteria have a lot of surface area compared to its volume
adaptations in larger organisms to help with gas exchange
lungs, gills, leaves
function of respiratory system
provide oxygen from outside environment to cells and take away CO2 into outside environment
amoeba respiratory system
respiration by diffusion between cell and water
ectoplasm absorbs O2 from H2O and releases CO2 into H2O
O2 is diffused into parts of cell that is used in metabolic reactions
diffusion is sufficient for this cell because the cell is so small that the outside environment (H20) is never far from the center of the cell
insect respiratory systems
don’t breathe through mouth
don’t have lungs
air comes in through holes in exoskeleton called spiracles
spiracles (insects)
first part of respiratory tract in insects
1 pair per body segment
air flow controlled by muscle flaps into valves
tracheal trunk (insects)
second part of respiratory system in insects
system of tubes that get smaller and smaller
reach every part of body
air diffuses through them
parts of human respiratory system
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
upper respiratory tract in humans
used for speech
interstitial fluid
picks up CO2 and waste gas and returns it to blood
lungs
2- right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2
internal organs that meet with a lot of gasses and outside materials
contain bronchioles and alveoli
mucus protects lungs from dust
contain phagocytes that protect alveoli by killing bacteria that wasn’t trapped by mucus
alveoli
make up respiratory surface in lungs
walls are one cell thick
H2O diffuses through it to keep alveoli moist
O2 dissolves into H2O before diffusing into blood through cells- taken in haemoglobin
heart-lung machine
used during bypass surgery when heart has to be stopped to sew healthy artery onto surface of heart
circulates blood through machine, performing all functions of heart and lungs
“by passes” the heart and lungs
controlling breathing
- brain stem receptors respond to rise in CO2 in blood
- brain stem has receptors respond to blood pH
- bronchioles dilate in response to high CO2 levels
- bodies in aorta respond to extreme situations of gas levels
- voluntary control by cerebrum
rise in CO2 levels in blood
pons and medulla oblongata in brain stem control rate of respiration
medulla oblongata
triggers breathing process
sends impulses down brain stem, spinal chord and phrenic nerves into diaphragm and intercostal muscles
causes inhalation
change in blood pH
lactic acid due to lack of O2 in muscles lowers pH in blood
bronchioles
smooth muscle cells very sensitive to CO2 concentration
dilate with rising CO2 levels causing less resistance to air travelling through
located in lungs
bronchodilators
hormone that triggers dilation of bronchioles
epinephrine
has similar effect on bronchioles as bronchodilators
used in epi-pens and asthma pumps
chemoreceptors in major arteries
extreme levels of CO2 and O2 causes them to send messages to medulla oblongata
cerebrum
group of centres in brainstem
can override automatic control of breathing
overridden by motor cortex of cerebrum
cystic fibrosis
genetic abnormality in glands that produce sweat and mucus
inherited genetic disorder
autosomal recessive on 7th pair
equally effects male and female
around 1 in 20 people in North America are carriers
progressive and usually fatal
no cure
electrolyte system in cells and cystic fibrosis
creates false electrolyte system
cells in respiratory system absorb too much sodium and O2
secretions that are normally thin in lungs are thick and hard to remove- increases risk of infection
infection from cystic fibrosis
damage to lungs that cause ells to die
cause chronic cough, blood in septum and sometimes a collapsed lung
symptoms usually words in morning or after activity
pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
alveoli fill with pus and other substances
caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical irritants
streptococcus pneumonia
most common bacteria to cause bacteria pneumonia
usually takes hold when a body is weakened
symptoms of bacterial pneumonia
shaking, chills, chattering teeth, severe chest pain, high temperature, heavy perspiring, rapid pulse, blush color to lips and nail beds, confused mental state/delirium, cough that produces rust or green coloured mucous
TB
chronic bacterial infection that infects lungs
airborne
3 stages: exposure, infection, disease
usually need to be exposed to it multiple times to become infected
ventilation helps stop spread
exposure stage of TB
when a person comes in contact with someone infected with TB
skin test is negative
normal chest x-ray
no signs or symptoms
infection stage of TB
when person has TB bacteria in their body
positive skin test
normal chest x-ray
disease stage of TB
signs and symptoms of active infection
positive skin test
positive chest x-ray
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
most common TB bacteria
multiplies, causes active disease and overcomes body’s immune system
symptoms of TB
persistent cough, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, coughing blood, perspiring at night
treatment of TB
can take months
most feel better soon after starting treatment and stope being contagious
lung cancer
usually starts in lining of bronchi develops over years don't show symptoms until tumor grows 2 types: large and small cell
large cell lung cancer
more common than small cell
doesn’t spread very quickly
usually begins along outer edges of lungs and under lining of bronchi
women and non-smokers are more likely to get this kind
a group of cancers with large, abnormal looking cells
small cell lung cancer
“oat cell” cancer
grows rapidly and spreads quickly to other organs
treatment of lung cancer
different carcinogens in different regions of lung are treated differently and cause different symptoms
based on age, overall health, medical history, tolerance for specific medications, procedures/therapies
surgery, radiation, chemo
symptoms of lung cancer
cough, constant chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, recurring lung infections, bloody septum, hoarseness, swelling of neck and face, pain and weakness in shoulder, arm or leg
common cold
caused by virus that inflames membranes in lining of nose and pharynx
over 200 viruses can cause it
most commonly found in fall and winter
thrive in low humidity
symptoms start a few days after being in contact with virus and last several days to weeks
highly contagious
symptoms of common cold
scrathcy throat, sneezing, watery eyes, low fever, sore throat, mild hacking cough, achy muscles and bones, headache, fatigue, chills, water discharge from nose that thickens and become yellow or green
flu
3 types: A, B and C C is usually more mild than A and B continually mutating new vaccine is produced every September vaccine is 70-90% effective in healthy adults mainly airborne
symptoms of the flu
fever, muscle aches, sore throat, cough
lasts a couple of days
