Respiratory system

Question 1

cellular level of respiration

Answer 1

generation of ATP in mitochondria- oxygen is required for chemical reactions to produce ATP
main source of energy in eukaryotic cells

Question 2

organism level of respiration

Answer 2

breathing

bringing oxygen from the environment into the body and getting rid of CO2 from the body into the environment

Question 3

respiratory surface

Answer 3

boundary between exterior environment and interior of body
large surface area
thick, permeable surface
moist surface

Question 4

unicellular respiration

Answer 4

through cell membrane

Question 5

multicellular respiration

Answer 5

specialized organs

ex. lungs, gills, leaves

Question 6

rate of gaseous exchange

Answer 6

depends on surface area that’s in contact with surrounding environment

Question 7

oxygen requirements and physical activity

Answer 7

mostly consistent in relation to level of activity

Question 8

organisms with large volumes

Answer 8

bigger organisms have more volume and surface area

surface to volume ratio determines the ability to meet the oxygen requirements

Question 9

large animals and ease of respiration

Answer 9

have a harder time with exchange of gases

the ratio of surface area to volume is less than in smaller organisms like bacteria

Question 10

surface area to volume ratios

Answer 10

as organism gets bigger, surface area to volume ratio gets smaller
bacteria have a lot of surface area compared to its volume

Question 11

adaptations in larger organisms to help with gas exchange

Answer 11

lungs, gills, leaves

Question 12

function of respiratory system

Answer 12

provide oxygen from outside environment to cells and take away CO2 into outside environment

Question 13

amoeba respiratory system

Answer 13

respiration by diffusion between cell and water
ectoplasm absorbs O2 from H2O and releases CO2 into H2O
O2 is diffused into parts of cell that is used in metabolic reactions
diffusion is sufficient for this cell because the cell is so small that the outside environment (H20) is never far from the center of the cell

Question 14

insect respiratory systems

Answer 14

don’t breathe through mouth
don’t have lungs
air comes in through holes in exoskeleton called spiracles

Question 15

spiracles (insects)

Answer 15

first part of respiratory tract in insects
1 pair per body segment
air flow controlled by muscle flaps into valves

Question 16

tracheal trunk (insects)

Answer 16

second part of respiratory system in insects
system of tubes that get smaller and smaller
reach every part of body
air diffuses through them

Question 17

parts of human respiratory system

Answer 17

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 18

upper respiratory tract in humans

Answer 18

used for speech

Question 19

interstitial fluid

Answer 19

picks up CO2 and waste gas and returns it to blood

Question 20

lungs

Answer 20

2- right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2
internal organs that meet with a lot of gasses and outside materials
contain bronchioles and alveoli
mucus protects lungs from dust
contain phagocytes that protect alveoli by killing bacteria that wasn’t trapped by mucus

Question 21

alveoli

Answer 21

make up respiratory surface in lungs
walls are one cell thick
H2O diffuses through it to keep alveoli moist
O2 dissolves into H2O before diffusing into blood through cells- taken in haemoglobin

Question 22

heart-lung machine

Answer 22

used during bypass surgery when heart has to be stopped to sew healthy artery onto surface of heart
circulates blood through machine, performing all functions of heart and lungs
“by passes” the heart and lungs

Question 23

controlling breathing

Answer 23

1. brain stem receptors respond to rise in CO2 in blood
2. brain stem has receptors respond to blood pH
3. bronchioles dilate in response to high CO2 levels
4. bodies in aorta respond to extreme situations of gas levels
5. voluntary control by cerebrum

Question 24

rise in CO2 levels in blood

Answer 24

pons and medulla oblongata in brain stem control rate of respiration

Question 25

medulla oblongata

Answer 25

triggers breathing process sends impulses down brain stem, spinal chord and phrenic nerves into diaphragm and intercostal muscles causes inhalation

Question 26

change in blood pH

Answer 26

lactic acid due to lack of O2 in muscles lowers pH in blood

Question 27

bronchioles

Answer 27

smooth muscle cells very sensitive to CO2 concentration dilate with rising CO2 levels causing less resistance to air travelling through located in lungs

Question 28

bronchodilators

Answer 28

hormone that triggers dilation of bronchioles

Question 29

epinephrine

Answer 29

has similar effect on bronchioles as bronchodilators | used in epi-pens and asthma pumps

Question 30

chemoreceptors in major arteries

Answer 30

extreme levels of CO2 and O2 causes them to send messages to medulla oblongata

Question 31

cerebrum

Answer 31

group of centres in brainstem can override automatic control of breathing overridden by motor cortex of cerebrum

Question 32

cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

genetic abnormality in glands that produce sweat and mucus inherited genetic disorder autosomal recessive on 7th pair equally effects male and female around 1 in 20 people in North America are carriers progressive and usually fatal no cure

Question 33

electrolyte system in cells and cystic fibrosis

Answer 33

creates false electrolyte system cells in respiratory system absorb too much sodium and O2 secretions that are normally thin in lungs are thick and hard to remove- increases risk of infection

Question 34

infection from cystic fibrosis

Answer 34

damage to lungs that cause ells to die cause chronic cough, blood in septum and sometimes a collapsed lung symptoms usually words in morning or after activity

Question 35

pneumonia

Answer 35

inflammation of lungs alveoli fill with pus and other substances caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical irritants

Question 36

streptococcus pneumonia

Answer 36

most common bacteria to cause bacteria pneumonia | usually takes hold when a body is weakened

Question 37

symptoms of bacterial pneumonia

Answer 37

shaking, chills, chattering teeth, severe chest pain, high temperature, heavy perspiring, rapid pulse, blush color to lips and nail beds, confused mental state/delirium, cough that produces rust or green coloured mucous

Question 38

TB

Answer 38

chronic bacterial infection that infects lungs airborne 3 stages: exposure, infection, disease usually need to be exposed to it multiple times to become infected ventilation helps stop spread

Question 39

exposure stage of TB

Answer 39

when a person comes in contact with someone infected with TB skin test is negative normal chest x-ray no signs or symptoms

Question 40

infection stage of TB

Answer 40

when person has TB bacteria in their body positive skin test normal chest x-ray

Question 41

disease stage of TB

Answer 41

signs and symptoms of active infection positive skin test positive chest x-ray

Question 42

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 42

most common TB bacteria | multiplies, causes active disease and overcomes body's immune system

Question 43

symptoms of TB

Answer 43

persistent cough, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, coughing blood, perspiring at night

Question 44

treatment of TB

Answer 44

can take months | most feel better soon after starting treatment and stope being contagious

Question 45

lung cancer

Answer 45

``` usually starts in lining of bronchi develops over years don't show symptoms until tumor grows 2 types: large and small cell ```

Question 46

large cell lung cancer

Answer 46

more common than small cell doesn't spread very quickly usually begins along outer edges of lungs and under lining of bronchi women and non-smokers are more likely to get this kind a group of cancers with large, abnormal looking cells

Question 47

small cell lung cancer

Answer 47

"oat cell" cancer | grows rapidly and spreads quickly to other organs

Question 48

treatment of lung cancer

Answer 48

different carcinogens in different regions of lung are treated differently and cause different symptoms based on age, overall health, medical history, tolerance for specific medications, procedures/therapies surgery, radiation, chemo

Question 49

symptoms of lung cancer

Answer 49

cough, constant chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, recurring lung infections, bloody septum, hoarseness, swelling of neck and face, pain and weakness in shoulder, arm or leg

Question 50

common cold

Answer 50

caused by virus that inflames membranes in lining of nose and pharynx over 200 viruses can cause it most commonly found in fall and winter thrive in low humidity symptoms start a few days after being in contact with virus and last several days to weeks highly contagious

Question 51

symptoms of common cold

Answer 51

scrathcy throat, sneezing, watery eyes, low fever, sore throat, mild hacking cough, achy muscles and bones, headache, fatigue, chills, water discharge from nose that thickens and become yellow or green

Question 52

flu

Answer 52

``` 3 types: A, B and C C is usually more mild than A and B continually mutating new vaccine is produced every September vaccine is 70-90% effective in healthy adults mainly airborne ```

Question 53

symptoms of the flu

Answer 53

fever, muscle aches, sore throat, cough | lasts a couple of days