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biology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus

A

infectious particle of genes packaged in a protein coat

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2
Q

Different genome shapes

A

Double-stranded DNA/ Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded RNA/ Single-stranded RNA
Single linear/ Single circular / Multiple pieces

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3
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell enclosing the viral genome

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4
Q

capsomere

A

protein subunit of a capsid

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5
Q

Rod-shaped

A

helical virus

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6
Q

Polyhedral

A

icosahedral virus

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7
Q

Complex

A

icosahedral head + helical tail

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8
Q

Envelope

A

membrane derived from host cells that surround many animal viruses

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9
Q

An envelope is made of

A

Phospholipids & membrane proteins from host cells, Glycoproteins and enzymes of viral origin

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10
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

can only replicate inside a host cell

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11
Q

Viruses lack enzymes for ____

A

making macromolecules

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12
Q

Host range

A

limited # of species a virus can infect

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13
Q

Host range is controlled by __

A

Lock & key fit of viral surface proteins and receptors on host cells

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14
Q

West Nile Virus

A

infect mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans

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15
Q

Measles affect

A

humans

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16
Q

Bacteria virus

A

Phage

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17
Q

Lytic cycle

A

replicative cycle that ends in death of host cell

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18
Q

Virulent phage

ex. E.T4 phage

A

virus that is replicated by a lytic cycle

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19
Q

Attachment

A

T4 phage uses tail fibers to bind specific receptors on outer surface of E.coli cells

20
Q

Entry

A

T4 phage DNA is injected into cell

  • Empty capsid left outside
  • Host DNA is hydrolyzed (degraded)
21
Q

Synthesis

A

viral genome/proteins are produced using host components

22
Q

Assembly

A

virus genomes packaged into capsids

23
Q

Release

A

viral enzymes break down cell wall

- cell bursts and 100-200 viral particles pop out

24
Q

Lysogenic cycle

like zombies, which are..unhygenic. they have lice, … lice-unhygienic, lysogenic

A

replicative cycle that does not destroy the host cell

25
Q 
Temperate phage
(ex. lambda phage)
A

a virus that uses both lytic & lysogenic cycles

26
Q

Prophage

pro, because, they’re evil pro-ph-agents

A

viral DNA integrated into host genome

27
Q

Replication

A

every time the host divides, the viral DNA is copied to new daughter cells

28
Q

Lytic cycle

A

can be triggered by environment changes

29
Q

Bacteria defenses

A

Diversity, Restriction enzymes, CRISPR-cas system, Evolutionary arms race

30
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

bacteria enzyme that recognizes foreign DNA entering the cell & cuts them up

31
Q

Bacteria DNA is methylated to ____

A

protect from own restriction enzymes

32
Q

CRISPR-cas system

A

long-term, targeted defense against a specific virus

  • piece of DNA from phage is incorporated into CRISPR
33
Q

Cas proteins

A

nucleases that cut up DNA identified in CRISPR

34
Q

Evolutionary arms race

A

bacteria evolve to avoid virus infection. Virus evolve to beat bacterial defense.

35
Q

Animal viruses

A

have envelope derived from host cell

36
Q

Envelope glycoproteins bind to ___

A

specific receptors on WBC

37
Q

Envelope fuses w/ ___

A

plasma membrane, releasing capsid into cell

38
Q

Host cell enzymes break down ___

A

capsid, releasing viral genome

39
Q

Reverse transcriptase enzymes copies ___

A

viral RNA

40
Q

Gene expression of viral proteins

A
  • Glycoproteins
  • Capsomeres (subunits needed to make capsid)
  • Reverse transcriptase
41
Q

Capsids are assembled and ___

A

glycoproteins transported to membrane

42
Q

Vaccine

A

harmless derivatives of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount a defense against it

43
Q

Virus

A

smallpox, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B

44
Q

Viroid

A

infectious circular RNA molecules, have no capsids

45
Q

Prions

A

infectious self replicating protein, no DNA/RNA

46
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular DNA molecules that can be shared between bacteria

47
Q

Transposon

A

DNA segments that can jump to different parts of the genome

biology (15 decks)

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