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biology > Chapter 35 - Plant Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - Plant Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Root

A

Organ that anchors plants in soil, absorbs minerals and water, and stores carbohydrates.

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2
Q

Taproot

A

Main root in dicots

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3
Q

Lateral root

A

Branch root

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4
Q

Fibrous root system

A

mat of thin roots spreading below soil surface. Shallow roots adapted to absorb water at surface. Found in monocots.

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5
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area to absorb water

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6
Q

Root cap

A

Protects apical meristem

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7
Q

Modified roots

A

Prop roots, storage roots, strangling aerial roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores

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8
Q

Prop roots

A

Above ground structure to support plants

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9
Q

Storage roots

A

Store water and foot (beet)

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10
Q

Strangling Aerial roots

A

Wrap around host plant toward the ground

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11
Q

Buttress roots

A

Above ground, support to hold up large trees

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12
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Air roots, acquire air for underwater root system

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13
Q

Stem

A

Organ that raises leaves and reproductive structures

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14
Q

Node

A

Point where leaves are attached

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15
Q

Internode

A

Space in between nodes on a stem

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16
Q

Apical bud

A

Growing point at top of stem (terminal bud)

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17
Q

Axillary bud

A

Growing point at nodes on the sides, form branches (lateral shoot)

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18
Q

Apical dominance

A

Axillary buds close to the apical buds are inhibited. Cut off apical bud, releases axillary buds to grow

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19
Q

Modified stems

A

Rhizome, bulb, stolon, tubers

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20
Q

Rhizome

A

Horizontal shoot growing underground

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21
Q

Bulb

A

Underground storage shoot

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22
Q

Stolon

A

Runners, horizontal shoot for sexual reproduction

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23
Q

Tubers

A

Enlarged ends of stolons or rhizomes for storing food

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24
Q

Leaves

A

Main photosynthetic organ

25
Q

Blade

A

Flat part

26
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk

27
Q

Simple leaf

A

Single undivided blade

28
Q

Compound

A

Blade is divided into multiple leaflets

29
Q

Double compound

A

Leaflets are divided into smaller leaflets

30
Q

Modified leaves

A

Tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, bracts

31
Q

Tendrs

A

Cling to surfaces to allow vine to climb

32
Q

Spines

A

Sharp needles for protection

33
Q

Storage leaves

A

Store water

34
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

Plantlets for asexual reproduction

35
Q

Bracts

A

Brightly colored to attract pollinators

36
Q

Epidermis

A

Layer of cells on the outside

37
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy coating on the epidermis

38
Q

Periderm

A

Corky outer layer of woody plants

39
Q

Trichomes

A

Hairy defense mechanisms against herbivores (can secrete sticky/toxic substances)

40
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals

41
Q

Phloem

A

Transport sugars

42
Q

Stele

A

Vascular bundles

43
Q

Pith (medulla)

A

Soft, spongy filler on the inside of stele

44
Q

Cortex

A

Outer filler layer (under epidermis)

45
Q

Endodermis

A

Innermost layer of cortex

46
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Always growing (roots, shoots)

47
Q

Determinant growth

A

Stops growing after reaching a certain size (flowers, leaves)

48
Q

Apical meristem

A

Tips of roots and shoots

49
Q

Primary growth

A

Growth that extends plant height

50
Q

Leaf primordia

A

New leaves from apical meristem

51
Q

Secondary growth

A

growth that increases plant mirth (horizontal)

52
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Estimate age by tree ring pattern

53
Q

Stomata

A

Pores for gas exchange

54
Q

Guard cells

A

Two cells that control opening/closing of stomata

55
Q

Mesophyll

A

Middle leaf

56
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Tall mesophyll cell on top side (absorb light)

57
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Loosely arranged shorter cells (allow better air circulation CO2/O2)

58
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

Surround vascular tissue

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