Endocrine System Flashcards by mersy Unknown

Steroid hormones

hormones synthesized from cholesterol

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Signal transduction

chemical communication

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Steroid hormone diffuses across ___

cell membrane

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Once inside cell, steroid hormone then binds to ____

specific receptors protein inside cell

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Receptor

hormone complex binds to target DNA

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Steroid hormone activates ___

expression for specific target genes

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Non-steroid hormones

hormones synthesized from protein

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Signal transduction

Bind to receptor on surface of cell membrane
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
ATP converted into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
cAMP activates protein kinase enzymes
Specific target proteins activated by phosphorylation

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Pituitary gland

attached to the hypothalamus at base of the brain

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Growth hormone (GH)

stimulates cells to divide

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Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

controls thyroid

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACT H)

controls adrenal cortex

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Gonadotropins

hormones that affect reproductive organs

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Follicle

stimulating hormone (FSH)

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Follicle (in females)

stimulates development of ovarian follicles

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Follicle (in males)

stimulates production of sperm

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Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females

triggers ovulation

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Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

stimulates production of testosterone

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

causes kidney to conserve water

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Diuretic

chemical that increases urine production

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Antidiuretic

decrease urine production

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Oxytocin (OT)

contracts smooth muscle in uterine wall

contracts cells in milk-secreting glands

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Thyroid gland

attached in between larynx + trachea

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Control basal metabolic rate (BMR)

amount of calories consumed at rest - Activates genes for cellular respiration - Regulates body heat

Goiter

enlarged, protruding thyroid gland occurs from iodine deficiency

Calcitonin

regulates calcium + phosphate in blood

Adrenal glands

sit on top of each kidney

Adrenal medulla

inner layer

Epinephrine

adrenaline

Norepinephrine

stress hormone

Epinephrine effects

``` Force cardiac muscle contractions to increase heart rate Increase breathing rate Increase glucose levels in blood Elevate blood pressure Decrease digestive activity ```

Adrenal cortex

outer layer

Aldosterone

mineralocorticoid

Aldosterone does ___

Cause kidneys to conserve sodium ions + exert potassium ions | Leads to water retention by osmosis to maintain blood volume/blood pressure

Cortisol

glucocorticoid

Cortisol stimulates ____

liver cells to synthesize glucose from circulating amino acids + fatty acids - increases blood glucose levels

Cortisol maintains ___

blood glucose at normal levels between meals

Under stress ____

the set point is elevated to release more cortisol until stress subsides

Pancreas

posterior to stomach

Pancreatic islets

islets of Lagerhands, secrete hormones into blood stream

Glucagon

- Stimulates liver to break down glycogen - Raise blood sugar - Prevent hypoglycemia - Low blood glucose between meals or during exercise

Insulin

- Stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose - Promotes glucose uptake by adipose, cardiac + skeletal muscles - Decreases blood sugar levels - Stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat

The actions of glucagon and insulin are paired to ___

regulate blood sugar

Nerve cells are particularly sensitive to ___

blood glucose levels

Pineal gland

attached to upper part of thalamus

Melatonin

regulates circadian rhythm

Release of melatonin is triggered when ____

retinas receive No light input

Melatonin increases in ___

the dark, decreases in light

Melatonin maintains ___

- day/night cycle, sleep/wake pattern | - seasonal cycles, fertility patterns in animals

Thymus

posterior to sternum between lungs

The thymus is relatively ___

large + young, shrinks w/ age

Thymosins

affects production and maturation of WBC

Testes

produce testosterone

Ovaries

produce estrogen +progesterone

Placenta

produce estrogen progesterone, gonadotropin

Physical stress

injury, disease, extreme temperature, decreased O2, heavy exercise

Psychological stress

emotional distress, personal loss, social interactions

Stress response

general adaptive syndrome

Immediate “alarm” stage

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Long-term “resistance” stage

1. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 2. Stimulates anterior pituitary to secret Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTN) 3. Travels blood stream to adrenal glands 4. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Exhaustion

chronic health effects: - Decreased number of lymphocytes - Lower resistance to infection + cancer - Increase risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, ulcers