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biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steroid hormones

A

hormones synthesized from cholesterol

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2
Q

Signal transduction

A

chemical communication

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3
Q

Steroid hormone diffuses across ___

A

cell membrane

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4
Q

Once inside cell, steroid hormone then binds to ____

A

specific receptors protein inside cell

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5
Q

Receptor

A

hormone complex binds to target DNA

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6
Q

Steroid hormone activates ___

A

expression for specific target genes

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7
Q

Non-steroid hormones

A

hormones synthesized from protein

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8
Q

Signal transduction

A

Bind to receptor on surface of cell membrane
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
ATP converted into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
cAMP activates protein kinase enzymes
Specific target proteins activated by phosphorylation

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

attached to the hypothalamus at base of the brain

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10
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates cells to divide

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11
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates milk production

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12
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

controls thyroid

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACT H)

A

controls adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Gonadotropins

A

hormones that affect reproductive organs

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15
Q

Follicle

A

stimulating hormone (FSH)

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16
Q

Follicle (in females)

A

stimulates development of ovarian follicles

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17
Q

Follicle (in males)

A

stimulates production of sperm

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18
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females

A

triggers ovulation

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19
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

A

stimulates production of testosterone

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

causes kidney to conserve water

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21
Q

Diuretic

A

chemical that increases urine production

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22
Q

Antidiuretic

A

decrease urine production

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23
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

contracts smooth muscle in uterine wall

contracts cells in milk-secreting glands

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24
Q

Thyroid gland

A

attached in between larynx + trachea

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25
Q

Control basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

amount of calories consumed at rest

  • Activates genes for cellular respiration
  • Regulates body heat
26
Q

Goiter

A

enlarged, protruding thyroid gland occurs from iodine deficiency

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

regulates calcium + phosphate in blood

28
Q

Adrenal glands

A

sit on top of each kidney

29
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

inner layer

30
Q

Epinephrine

A

adrenaline

31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

stress hormone

32
Q

Epinephrine effects

A 
Force cardiac muscle contractions to increase heart rate
Increase breathing rate
Increase glucose levels in blood
Elevate blood pressure
Decrease digestive activity
33
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer layer

34
Q

Aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

35
Q

Aldosterone does ___

A

Cause kidneys to conserve sodium ions + exert potassium ions

Leads to water retention by osmosis to maintain blood volume/blood pressure

36
Q

Cortisol

A

glucocorticoid

37
Q

Cortisol stimulates ____

A

liver cells to synthesize glucose from circulating amino acids + fatty acids - increases blood glucose levels

38
Q

Cortisol maintains ___

A

blood glucose at normal levels between meals

39
Q

Under stress ____

A

the set point is elevated to release more cortisol until stress subsides

40
Q

Pancreas

A

posterior to stomach

41
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

islets of Lagerhands, secrete hormones into blood stream

42
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Stimulates liver to break down glycogen
  • Raise blood sugar
  • Prevent hypoglycemia
  • Low blood glucose between meals or during exercise
43
Q

Insulin

A
  • Stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose
  • Promotes glucose uptake by adipose, cardiac + skeletal muscles
  • Decreases blood sugar levels
  • Stimulates adipose cells to synthesize and store fat
44
Q

The actions of glucagon and insulin are paired to ___

A

regulate blood sugar

45
Q

Nerve cells are particularly sensitive to ___

A

blood glucose levels

46
Q

Pineal gland

A

attached to upper part of thalamus

47
Q

Melatonin

A

regulates circadian rhythm

48
Q

Release of melatonin is triggered when ____

A

retinas receive No light input

49
Q

Melatonin increases in ___

A

the dark, decreases in light

50
Q

Melatonin maintains ___

A
  • day/night cycle, sleep/wake pattern

- seasonal cycles, fertility patterns in animals

51
Q

Thymus

A

posterior to sternum between lungs

52
Q

The thymus is relatively ___

A

large + young, shrinks w/ age

53
Q

Thymosins

A

affects production and maturation of WBC

54
Q

Testes

A

produce testosterone

55
Q

Ovaries

A

produce estrogen +progesterone

56
Q

Placenta

A

produce estrogen progesterone, gonadotropin

57
Q

Physical stress

A

injury, disease, extreme temperature, decreased O2, heavy exercise

58
Q

Psychological stress

A

emotional distress, personal loss, social interactions

59
Q

Stress response

A

general adaptive syndrome

60
Q

Immediate “alarm” stage

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

61
Q

Long-term “resistance” stage

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. Stimulates anterior pituitary to secret Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTN)
  3. Travels blood stream to adrenal glands
  4. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
62
Q

Exhaustion

A

chronic health effects:

  • Decreased number of lymphocytes
  • Lower resistance to infection + cancer
  • Increase risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, ulcers

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