Chapter 54 - Community Ecology

Question 1

Competitive exclusion

Answer 1

one species drives other locally extinct

Question 2

Resource partitioning

Answer 2

species evolve to use different resources

Question 3

Ecological niche

Answer 3

sum of a species use of resources in the environment

Question 4

Fundamental niche

Answer 4

natural use of resources

Question 5

Realized niche

Answer 5

portion of niche used due to resource partitioning

Question 6

Competition

Answer 6

lose/lose

Question 7

Predation

Answer 7

win/lose

Question 8

Predator adaptations

Answer 8

claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison to catch/subdue food

Question 9

Prey adaptations

Answer 9

mechanical defense, chemical defense, cryptic coloration, aposematic coloration, bayesian mimicry, müllerian mimicry

Question 10

Mechanical defense

Answer 10

tough skin, shell, spines

Question 11

Chemical defense

Answer 11

toxins, repellants

Question 12

Cryptic coloration

Answer 12

camouflage to hide

Question 13

Aposematic coloration

Answer 13

warning coloration signifying poisonous

Question 14

Bayesian mimicry

Answer 14

harmless species mimics harmful one

Question 15

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 15

harmful species mimics another harmful species

Question 16

Herbivory

Answer 16

an organism eats part of all plant/alga

Question 17

Oligophagus

Answer 17

specialists, feed on one or few taxonomically related plants

Question 18

Polyphagus

Answer 18

feed on many unrelated plants, generalists

Question 19

Symbiosis

Answer 19

different species living in direct/intimate contact

Question 20

Parasitism

Answer 20

win/lose

Question 21

Parasite derives nourishment from ___

Answer 21

host

Question 22

Endoparasite

Answer 22

living in the body of host

Question 23

Ectoparasite

Answer 23

feed on external surface of host

Question 24

Mutualism

Answer 24

win/win

Question 25

Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in ___

Answer 25

root nodules of legume

Question 26

Commensalism

Answer 26

win/zero

Question 27

Ammensalism

Answer 27

zero/lose

Question 28

Coevolution

Answer 28

adaptation in one species leading to evolution of reciprocal adaptation in other interacting species

Question 29

Arms race

Answer 29

positive feedback, increased frequency of evolving adaptations and counter adaptations

Question 30

Tetrodotoxin

Answer 30

neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels in neurons (paralysis of diaphragm, respiratory failure, death)

Question 31

Trophic structure

Answer 31

feeding relationship between organisms

Question 32

Primary producers

Answer 32

plants

Question 33

Primary consumer

Answer 33

herbivore

Question 34

Secondary consumer

Answer 34

carnivores of herbivores

Question 35

Quaternary consumer

Answer 35

apex predator

Question 36

Decomposers

Answer 36

detrivores

Question 37

Food web

Answer 37

organisms may consume at more than one trophic level

Question 38

Dominant species

Answer 38

most abundant species or collectively has fights biomass

Question 39

Keystone species

Answer 39

not usually most abundant but still ever strong influence on community (trees shade env., changing nutrients in soil)

Question 40

Ecosystem engineers

Answer 40

species that drastically alter their environment (ex. beavers built dams over rivers)