Cubic/ Icosahedral Helical Complex

- TMV: Tobacco Mosaic Virus - Corona

- Attachment - Penetration - Uncoating - Expressing viral gene - Replication - Virion synthesis - Release

- Virus invades - Creates copies of itself - Bursts cell to release its virions

- Virus invades - It incorporates its genetic material in the hosts DNA (Provirus/ Prophage) - Bursts cell to release its virions

ssDNA: Parvo- complex: Pox Cytoplasm: Pox

- Helical - Enveloped - Cytoplasm

- (+) Sense RNA - May be directly translated into their viral proteins - PiCoTCaFlaRe

Picorna Corona Toga Calici Flav Retro/ Reo

- (-) Sense RNA - needed to be converted by RNA polymerase before they can be translated into their viral proteins - ParFABOR

Paramyxo- Filo- Arena- Bunya- Orthomyxo- Rhabdo

German measles/ Rubella Measles/ Rubeola Erythema infectosum

Viruses Flashcards by Mikee Cabuco

Acellular
Small obligate anaerobes intracellular prasites
composed of proteins & nucleic acids
DO NOT replicate

Virus

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obligate intracellular parasites
“acellular”, “nonliving”
protein and NAs composition

Viruses

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complete virus particle
either DNA/ RNA encased in a capsid
may or may not be surrounded by a lipoprotein

Virion

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DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acid Core

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– Protein component
– for protection
– basis if viral symmetry

Capsid

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– Some are naked
– General Rule:
— Enveloped - more susceptible
— Naked - less susceptible

Viral envelope

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Symmetry

Cubic/ Icosahedral
Helical
Complex

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Cubic/ Icosahedral

Rhino
Adeno
Polio

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Helical

TMV: Tobacco Mosaic Virus

- Corona

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Complex

- Bacteriophage

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largest

- most complex

Pox

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smallest

- lipid containing virus

Hep B

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Viral replication

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Expressing viral gene
Replication
Virion synthesis
Release

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Lytic

Virus invades
Creates copies of itself
Bursts cell to release its virions

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Lysogenic

Virus invades
It incorporates its genetic material in the hosts DNA (Provirus/ Prophage)
Bursts cell to release its virions

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DNA virus

DS
Icosahedral
Nucleus

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EXCEPTIONS

ssDNA: Parvo-
complex: Pox
Cytoplasm: Pox

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RNA virus

Helical
Enveloped
Cytoplasm

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EXCEPTIONS

• Unenveloped: Picorna-
                             Reo-    
                             Calici-
• Nucleus: Retro-
                   Orthomyxo-
                   Influenza- 
• dsRNA: Reo-

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Naked DNA

Parvo
Papova
Adeno

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Enveloped DNA

Herpes
Hep B
Pox

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(+) Sense RNA
May be directly translated into their viral proteins
PiCoTCaFlaRe

Picorna
Corona
Toga
Calici
Flav
Retro/ Reo

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(-) Sense RNA
needed to be converted by RNA polymerase before they can be translated into their viral proteins
ParFABOR

Paramyxo-
Filo-
Arena-
Bunya-
Orthomyxo-
Rhabdo

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Viral Exanthems

German measles/ Rubella
Measles/ Rubeola
Erythema infectosum

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- Rubivirus - transmission: respiratory droplets - "3 day fever", 3rd fever - incubation — already infectious

German Measles/ Rubella

- mental retardation - deafness - glaucoma

Congenital Rubella

Vaccine for German Measles

- MMR — live attenuated — 2 doses

- Morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) - transmission: respiratory - FIRST DISEASE - ✔️ 1 serotype - characteristic: Koplik Spots

Measles/ Rubeola

Other members of Paramyxoviridae

- RSV | - Mumps virus

Pneumonia

RSV: Respiratory Syncytial Virus

- self limiting - very contagious - manifestations: Parotisis — inflamm. of parotid glands Orchitis — testicles

Mumps virus

- "Slapped cheek syndrome" - transmission: repsiratory - FIFTH DISEASE/ Erythema Infectiosum

Parvovirus

Pox Virus

* Molluscum contagiosum * Cowpox * Smallpox

- Fleshy, dome-shaped papules | - transmission: skin contact

Molluscum contagiosum

Milker's nodules

Cowpox

Variola virus

Small pox

- one serotype - only humans are reservoir - ✖️subclinical stage

Variola Virus

HHV 1

HSV 1 — Oral herpes

HHV 2

HSV 2 — Genital Herpes

HHV 3

VZV — Chickenpox

HHV 4

EBV — Infectious mononucleosis

HHV 5

CMV — Associated with Rhinitis

HHV 6, 7

Roseolovirus — Exanthem subitum

HHV 8

Kaposi Sarcoma Related

Herpes Simplex 1 & 2

* Herpetic whitlow – fingers * Herpes keratitis – cornea * Herpes gladiotorum – skin; wrestling * Eczema herpeticum – blistery skin rash

Varicella Zoster Virus

• Chickenpox — shingles (reactivation) — sharply demarcated in midline — painful

- "kissing virus" - transmission: saliva - infectious mononucleosis - Burkitt's Lymphoma - Assoc. w/ Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Epstein Barr Virus

- humans are the only reservoir - Vertical Transmission — Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease - Horizontal Transmission — Infectious Mononucleosis like syndrome - Most common congenital infxn

Cytomegalovirus

- Exanthem subitum | - SIXTH DISEASE

Roseolovirus

- Associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma

KSHV

Virology of the GIT

* Rotavirus * Enteric Adenovirus * Calcivirus * Astrovirus * Coronavirus * Torovirus

- Viral Gastroenteritis - Naked Virus - Manifestation: Watery diarrhrea - Prevention: Rotashield

Rotavirus

- Naked DNA

Enteric Adenovirus

- RNA - (+) Sense - Winter vomiting disease

Calcivirus

- Star shaped

Astrovirus

- Crown shaped - RNA - (+) Sense - Largest genome of all RNA virus

C👑r👑navirus

Donut shaped

T🍩r🍩virus

Viral Hepatitis — (+) Jaundice — (+) Tea colored urine — (+) Alcoholic stools

* Hep A * Hep B * Hep C * Hep D * Hep E

- Picornavirus - T 💩 E - self-limiting; non chronic

Hep A

- Heparnavirus - ONLY DNA HEP - (+) Reverse transcriptase activity - Hep Bvirion = Dane particle - transmission: Parenteral, Sexual, Congenital

Hep B

Diagnosis for Hep B

* HBs Ag — marker of infection * HBa Ab — recovery/ immunity * antiHBc IgM — acute infection * antiHBc IgG — past/ chronic infection * HBe Ag — active replication; infectivity * anti HBe — ✖️ replication

- Flavivirus - ✖️vaccine - Risk factors: Blood transfusion, hemodialysis

Hep C

- "Delta agent" - "Defective virus" - Can only propagate in the presence of Hep B

Hep D

- Feco-oral - Contaminated beverages — Enumin - Acute self limiting infection

Hep E

``` Arbovirus • T F R B - Bunyaviridae - Flaviviridae - Reoviridae - Togaviridae ```

- arthropod borne virus - grographic area specific - clinical manifestations: — fever, malaise, HA — Encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever

Bunyaviridae

* Bunyavirus * Nairovirus * Phlebovirus

Encephalitis

Bunyavirus

- Crimean Congo Hemorhagic Fever - Africa, Asia, ME - 10-40% mortality

Nairovirus

- Sandfly fever/ Rift Valley fever | - Sandfly

Phlebovirus

Flaviviridae

* Japanese Encephalitis * West Nile Virus * Dengue/ Breakbone fever * Yellow fever

- Transmission: Culex mosquito | - Reservoir: 🐷 and 🦅

Japanese Encephalitis

- 👴🏻👵🏻 at risk - transmission: Mosquito - Reservoir: 🦅 and 🐴

West Nile Virus

- Aedes aegypti — day biter, yellow fever mosquito - life cycle: involves 👩🏻 and mosquito - Dx: Antigen test/ Dengue NSI; Detection of Dengue IgM & IgG Ab - Mx: Supportive management

Dengue/ Breakbone fever

- "Panama puzzle" - Walter Reee, Cuba - Aedis aegypti - Limited in SA and West Africa

Yellow fever

Togaviridae

* Chikungunya Fever | * Easter Equire Encephalitis

- Similar to dengue but ✔️ joint pain | - platelets are not that low

Chikungunya Fever

- Arboviral Encephalitis

Easter Esquire Encephalitis

Hemorrhagic Fever

* Arenaviridae * Hanta Virus * Filovirus

- Sandy appearance in E- microscope - Lassa fever - Reservoir: Rodents; 💩 to 💁🏻 - Sx: Fever, neck swelling

Arenaviridae

- Rodent to 💁🏻 - Hantavirusa pulmonary syndrome - Hemorrhagic Fever Renal syndrome

Hanta virus

- Margburg virus - Ebola - Reservoir: Fruit Bats - Transmission: Direct contact w/ body fluids - Incubation: 21 days

Filovirus

Rabies

- transmitted: inoculation via bite - reservoirs: 🐕, 🐈, 🦇 - Pathogenesis: Spinal cord to brain (Centripetal) Brain to S. Glands (Centrifugal)

S/sx of Rabies

* Prodrome – HA, Pain | * Neurologic – Nervousness, Confusion, Hallucinations, Hydrophobia

Bite, broken skin, bats

Major — Vaccine, IgG

Prion Diseases

* Scapie * Kuru * BSE * CJD

"Funney Sheep"

Scapie

Ingestion of brain tissue

Kuru

Mad Cow Disease

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

- Cadeveric GH - Rapid dementia - Motor speech impairment - Blindness

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Picornavirus — Enterovirus - 👩🏻 only reservoir

* Polio virus * Coxsackie virus * ECHO virus

- Poliomyelitis - Affects Lower Motor Neurons - Px: Vaccine - Salk (inactivated) - Sabin (live attenuated; oral)

Polio virus

Coxsackie virus

* Herpeangina – Hand, foot & mouth | * Aseptic meningitis - viral form of meningitis

- Enteric Cutopathogenic Human Orphan Virus | - Aseptic meningitis

ECHO Virus

Oncoviruses (Tumor Viruses) - transform Normal calls ➡️ cancer - long, latent period

* HPV * Polyoma Virus * Adenovirus * Herpes virus — EBV

- anogenital warts — "Condyloma auminata" | - common warts — HOV 2, 7, 22

HPV

HPV-associated neoplasia

Cervical cancer = HPV 16, 18

Dx: (HPV)

- Papanocolau smear | - (+) Koilocytes

Prevention: (HPV)

Vaccine: Gardasil (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) — 9-26 y/o | Cervarix (HPV 16, 18) - 10-45 y/o

- Retrovirus - (+) Reverse Transcriptase - HIV 1 > HIV 2 (pathogenic) - Transmission: sexual, congenital, parenteral - Affects CD4+ T cell - Dx: Screening test: ELISA Confirmatory test: Western Blot

HIV

Antivirals

* Tx of Respiratory Infection * Tx of Hepatic Viral Infection * Tx of Herpetic Infection * Tx of HIV Infection

Tx of Respiratory Infxn

– Neuraminidase Inhibitors – Inhibitors of Viral Uncoating – Ribavirin

– For Type A & B Influenza • Oseltamivir - Oral • Zanamivir - Inhalational

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

• Amantadine – tx of Parkinson's dse • Rimantadine – for Type A Influenza

Inhibitors of Viral Uncoating

– Tx for RSV – Use in combination w/ interferon alpha — for Hepatitis C infxn

Ribavirin

Rx of Hepatic Viral Infxn

Interferon Alpha

* L - amivudine — HIV * A - defovir * T - elbivirudine * E - ntecavir

Interferon Alpha

Tx for Herpetic Infx

* Acyclovir * Cidofovir * Fomivirsen * Foscarnet * Gancyclovir * Pencixlovir & Famciclovir * Vidarabine * Influrudine

Most effective for Herpetic Infxn

Acyclovir

Acyclovir resistant

Foscarnet

Tx for HIV infxn

* NRTI * NNRTI * Protease Inhibitors * Entry Inhibitor * Integrase Inhibitors

– Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI) – General Rule: All ends in -INE except Abacavir, Tenofovir – DAZZLE ST

* Didanosine * Abacavir * Zidovudine * Zalcitabine * Lamivudine * Emtricitabine * Stavudine * Tenofovir

– Non nucleoside (NNRTI) | – NEED

* Nevirapine * Efavirenz * Etravirine * Delavirdine

Antiretrovirals

* 1st line | * One Pill

1st line

2 NRTI + 1 NNRTI

One Pill

* Lamivudine + Tenofovir + Efavirenz | * Lamivudine + Zidovudine + Efavirenz

– Use if resistant to 1st line – General Rule: All end in -VIR — Trip sa SRI LANFA • Protease Inhibitors

* Tipranavir * Saquinavir * Ritonavir * Indinavir * Lopinavir * Amprebavir * Nelfinavir * Fosamprenavir * Atazanavir

Entry Inhibitors — EM

* Enfurvitide | * Maraviroc

Integrase Inhibitors

Raltegravir