Parasites Flashcards
1
Q
Biological Relationship
A
- Symbiosis
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Parasite/ Parasitism
2
Q
Living together of 2 different organisms
A
Symbiosis
3
Q
1 benefits w/o harming the other
A
Commensalism
4
Q
Both benefits
A
Mutualism
5
Q
1 benefits; harms the other
A
Parasite/ Parasitism
6
Q
– Lives OUTSIDE the host
– E.g: Ticks, Leeches, Mites
A
Ectoparasites
7
Q
Hosts
A
- Definitive/ Primary Host
- Internediate/ Secondary Host
- Paratenic Host
8
Q
- Host where parasite sexual matures
- reproduces SEXUALLY
A
Definitive/ Primary Host
9
Q
- Host where sexually immature forms of parasite develop
- reproduces ASEXUALLY
A
Intermediate/ Secondary Host
10
Q
- For support
- ✖️for development
A
Paratenic Host
11
Q
- Lives INSIDE the host
- E.g: Malaria, tapeworms
- ✖️ Vaccines/ Prophylaxis
- Affect young & underprivileged
- Marked eosinophilia during infection
A
Endoparasite
12
Q
Protozoa
A
- Entamoeba histolitica
- Giardia lambdia
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Toxoplasma gandii
- Leishmaniasis
- Malaria
- Babesia spp
- Trypanosomiasis
13
Q
– Trophozoite (feeding stage) — Cyst (infective stage)
– bloody diarrhea/ amoebic dysentery
– ✔️ leave GITS
– Transmission: Feco-oral
– Dx: Fecalysis — Charcot Leyden crystals
– Pathology: Flask-Shaped ulcers in colon
A
Entamoeba histolitica
14
Q
Tx for Entamoeba histolitica
A
- Metronidazole: Symptomatic
- Iodoquinol
- Paromomycin
- Diloxanide furoate
15
Q
– Similar morphology to E. hystolitica
– less pathogenic
– ✖️ Hematophagocytic (✖️ingest RBCs)
A
Entamoeba dispar
16
Q
– tear-drop shaped trophozoites – Giardiasis/ Leningrand's Curse – Transmission: Feco-oral – Dx: Entero string test – Tx: Metronidazole
A
Giardia lambdia
17
Q
Tx for Giardia lambdia
A
Metronidazole
18
Q
– Foul smelling greasy stools
– Steatorrhea
– Gassy abdominal distention
A
Giardiasis/ Leningrand’s Curse
19
Q
– Traveller’s diarrhea in endemic areas
– Transmission: Contaminated 🍏🍎🍐 and 🍆🍑🍍
A
Cyclospora cayetanensis
20
Q
– STI – Flagellated protozoan – Trichomoniasis – Dx: Strawberry cervix – Tx: Metronidazole
A
Trichomonas vaginalis
21
Q
Tx for Trichomonas vaginalis
A
Metronidazole
22
Q
– Toxoplasmosis
– Definitive: 🐩😺
– Transmission: Sporulated oocyst from 😺💩
– S/Sx: Lymphadenopathy
Encephalitis
Seizures
Blindness
A
Toxoplasma gandii
23
Q
– L. mexicana: New World
– L. chagasi: New World
– L. braziliensi: New World
– L. tropica: OLD World
– Vector: Sandfly
– Dx: Montenegro Skin Test
– Tx: Stibogluconate
A
Leishmaniasis
24
Q
Manifestations of Leishmaniasis
A
- Cutaneous
- Mucocutaneous
- Visceral
25
— L. tropica, L. mexicana
i. Simple = Tuberculoid lepray-like
ii. Diffuse = Lepromatus leprosy-like (Poor immune system)
Cutaneous
26
L. brazilensis
Mucocutaneous
27
— L. donovani
- "Kala-azar"
- manifestations: hepatospleanomegaly
Visceral
28
– Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito
– Features: Regular febrile paroxysms
Chills, sweating, hepatosplenomegaly
Malaria
29
Clinical Malaria Paroxysms
* Cold Stage
* Hot Stage
* Sweating Stage
30
– Shivering, Vasoconstriction
| – 15 mins
Cold Stage
31
– Fever, palpitation, HA
| –2-6 hrs
Hot Stage
32
– Defervescence
| – 2-4 hrs
Sweating Stage
33
Life Cycle
* Sporozoite
* Merozoite
* Trophozoite
* Gametocyte
* Hypnozoiteh
34
– Infective stage to HUMANS
Sporozoite
35
– Exoerythrocytic stage/ stage in liver of tissues
Merozoite
36
– Erythrocytic stage/ RBC stage (growing stage)
Trophozoite
37
– Intective stage to MOSQUITO
Gametocyte
38
– Dormant liver stage
Hypnozoite (P. vivax; P. ovale)
39
```
– Malignant tertian malaria
– ✔️ 🇵🇭
– Infects both mature and young RBCs
– crescent-shape gametocytes
– RBC stippling: Maurer's dots
– Mature trophozoites are RARELY seen in Peripheral Blood Smear
```
P. falciparum
40
– Quartan Malaria
- spike in 1st and 4th day
– MATURE RBCs
– RBC stippling: Ziemann's Dots
P. malariae
41
DOC for P. ovale
Co-Artem
42
```
– Benign Tertian Malaria
- spike in 1st and 3rd day
– most widespread
– prefer YOUNG RBCs
- RBC stippling: Schuffner's dots
```
P. vivax
43
– Benign Tertian Malaria
– RBC stippling: Jame's dots
– Dx: Thick & Thin Film preparation
– Protective factors: G6PD
Sickle cell anemia
Thallassemia
- DOC: Co-Artem
P. ovale
44
Benign Tertian Malaria
– P. vivax
| – P. ovale
45
PNEMONICS
Vilma Santos
Manila Zoo
Orange Juice
Francis Magalona
46
– Malaria like infection
– Vector: Tick
– Babesiosis — ✖️ febrile paroxysms
* B. microti
* B. divergensis
– Dx: Maltese Cross
Babesia spp.
47
• T. cruzi
• T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodiense
Trypanosomiasis
48
– Chagas disease
– Vector: Triatoma/ Kissing bug
– (+) Romana Sign — Unilateral periorbital swelling
– (+) Chagoma — inflammation at bite site
T. cruzi
49
Tx for T. cruzi
Nifurtimox
50
– Africa Sleeping sickness
– Vector: Glossina/ Tsetse Fly
– (+) Winterbottom — swelling of lymph nodes at the back of the neck
* T. brucei gambiense
| * T. brucei rhodiense
51
Helminths
* Nematodes
* Trematodes
* Cestodes
52
Nematode
* Ascaris
* Hookworm
* Strongyloides
* Trichinellosis
* Whipworm
* Enterobiasis
* Blood & Tissue Nematodes
53
```
– CA: Ascaris lumbricoides AKA Giant Intestinal roundworm
– MOT: Ingestion of eggs
– CM: abdominal cramps
dry cough
malnutrition
```
Ascaris
54
Tx for Ascaris
* Albendazole
| * Mebendazole
55
– CA: Necator americanus aka NEW World Hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale aka OLD World Hookworm
– MOT: direct penetration of the skin
– CM: Iron-deficiency anemia
Hookworm
56
Tx for Hookworm
* Albendazole
| * Mebendazole
57
– CA: Strongyloides stercolaris aka Threadworm
– MOT: Direct penetration
– CM: Massive autoinfection
Strongyloides
58
Tx/ DOC for Strongyloides
Ivermectin
59
– CA: Trichinella spiralis
– MOT: Ingestion of eggs
– CM: muscle aches
migration into the heart and CNS
Trichinellosis
60
Tx for Trichinellosis
Mebendazole
61
– CA: Trichuros trichuria
– MOT: Iingestion of eggs
– CM: diarrhea
abdominal pain
Whipworm
62
Tx for Whipworm
* Albendazole
| * Mebendazole
63
– CA: Enterobius vermicularis aka Human Pinworm
– MOT: Ingestion of eggs
– CM: Severe perianal itching
– Dx: Scotch Tape Swab Test
Enterobiasis
64
Tx/ DOC for Enterobiasis
Pyrantel pamoate
65
Tx/ Alt for Enterobiasis
* Albendazole
| * Mebendazole
66
Blood and Tissue Nematodes
* Onchocerca volvulus
* Filariasis
* Loa-Loa
67
– V: Blackfly
| – CM: Rover blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
68
Tx/DOC for Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin
69
– CA: Wuchureria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
– Elephantiasis
Filariasis
70
DOC for Filariasis
Diethylcarbamazine
71
Flukes/ Trematodes
* Intestinal Flukes
* Liver flukes
* Lung flukes
* Blood flukes
72
Intestinal flukes
Fasciolopsis buski
73
– Giant INTESTINAL fluke
| – Ingestion of raw snail
Fasciolopsis buski
74
Liver flukes
* Fasciola hepatica
* Clonorchis sinesis
* Opistochis spp.
75
– Giant LIVER fluke
| – Ingerstion of watercress
Fasciola hepatica
76
Small liver fluke
Chlonorcis sinensis
77
Oriental LIVER fluke
Opistochis spp
78
Lung flukes
Paragonimus westermani
79
– Ingestion of Raw Crabs
| – Pulmonary
Paragonimus westermani
80
Blood flukes
* S. japonicum
* S. mansoni
* S. haemotobium
81
– Oriental BLOOD fluke
| – Lateral knob
S. japonicum
82
– Lateral spine
S. mansoni
83
– Urinary Schistomiasis
| – Terminal spine
S. haemotobium
84
Tx for Schistomiasis
Praziquantel
85
Cestodes
* Taenia solium
* Taenia saginata
* Diphyllobothrium latum
* Hymenolepis nana
86
– Pork Tapeworm
| – CM: Neurocystercosis
Taenia sollum
87
Tx for Taenia sollum
* Praziquantel
| * Albendazole
88
– Beef tapeworm
– CM: Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Taenia saginata
89
Tx for Taenia saginata
Praziquantel
90
– Fish tapeworm
| – Capillaria Philippinensis
Diphyllobotrium latum
91
Tx for D. latum
Praziquantel
92
– Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
93
Tx for Dwarf tapeworm
Praziquantel
