Control of MO Flashcards
1
Q
Sourced from MO that can inhibit the growth of other MO
A
Antimicrobials
2
Q
Penicillin
A
P. nonatum
3
Q
Griseofulvin
A
P. griseofulvin
4
Q
Micromonospora
A
Aminoglycosides end with — micin
5
Q
Streptomycin
A
- AG end with — mycin
* S. griseus
6
Q
Vancomycin
A
S. orientalis
7
Q
Clindamycin
A
S. licolnensis
8
Q
Chloramphenicol
A
S. venezuelae
9
Q
Erythromycin
A
S. erythreus
10
Q
Nystatin
A
S. noursei
11
Q
Amphotericin B
A
S. nodosus
12
Q
Bacitracin
A
B. subtilis
13
Q
Polymyxin B
A
B. polymyxa
14
Q
Cycolserine
A
S. orchidaceous
15
Q
Gentamicin
A
Micromonospora spp
16
Q
– KILLS the pathogen
– All CW synthesis inhibitors
A
Bactericidal
17
Q
– INHIBITS/ STOPS the growth of pathogens
– All CHON synthesis inhibitors and antimetabolites EXCEPT Aminoglycosides (-cidal)
A
Bacteriostatic
18
Q
Result of the 2 day testing is equivalent to the most effective drug
A
Autonomous/ Indifferent
19
Q
- > 15 mm — susceptible
- 13-14 mm — intermediate
- < 13 mm — resistant
A
Zone of Inhibition
20
Q
- 1 + 1 = 2
- B’cidal + B’cidal
- Amoxicillin + Cefuroxime
A
Addition
21
Q
- 1 + 1 = 0
- B’cidal + B’static
- Tetracycline + Amoxicillin
A
Antagonism
22
Q
- 1 + 1 = 3
- B’static + B’static
- Pens + Ag
- Sulfamethoxazole + Trimthoprim
A
Synergism
23
Q
- 1 + 1 = 0
* Pens + B lactamase inhibitors
A
Potentiation
24
Q
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
A
Augmentin
25
Ampicillin + Sulbactam
Unasyn
26
Piperacillin + Tazobactam
Tazocin/ Piptaz
27
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
* Beta Lactam Antibiotics
* Glycopeptides
* Cycloserine
* Polypeptide
28
Beta Lactam Antibiotics
* Penicillins
| * Cephalosporins
29
– MOA: (-) CW synthesis by binding to PBP
– Effective: G (+) infection
– CI: Wall less MO
MO w/ impenetrable CW
Beta Lactams
30
Intracellular Pathogens
* Legionella
* Brucella
* Chlamydia
31
Persistent Strains
* MRSA/ MRSE
| * VRSA/ VRSE
32
DOC for MRSA/ MRSE
Vancomycin
33
DOC for VRSA/ VRSE
* Linezolid
| * Streptogramins
34
AE of Penicillins
* Allergic rxns
* Anaphylactic rxns
* Cross-sensitivity
35
Penicillins
* Natural Penicillins
* Isoxazoyl Penicillins
* Extended Spectrum Pens
36
Natural Penicillins
* Pen G
| * Pen V
37
– Benzyl Penicillin
– IV, IM, parenteral
– DOC: Syphilis
Pen G
38
– Phenoxymethyl Penicillin
– Oral, PO
– DOC: bacterial endocarditis
Pen V
39
– Anti Staphylococcal Pens
- Methicillin
- Nafcillin
- Cloxa
- Oxa
- Diclo
Isoxazoyl Penicillins
40
– Prototype
– Methicillin penicillins
– withdrawn — nephrotoxicity
Methicillin
41
Extended Spectrum Pens
| — improved activity and penetration into the G (-) bacteria
* Amino
* Carboxy
* Ureido
42
Aminopenicillins
* Ampicillin
* Amoxicillin
* Bacampicillin
43
– Parenteral
– DOC: Shigellosis
Bacterial pneumonia (✖️ vaccine record)
Ampicillin
44
⬆️ Oral BA, PO
Amoxicillin
45
Most effective B-lactam against URTI
* Ampicillin
| * Amoxicillin
46
Carboxypenicillins
* Carbenicillin
| * Ticarcillin
47
Ureidopenicillins
* Piperacillin
* Mezlocillin
* Azlocillin
48
– ALL starts with "Ceph"
| – EXCEPT "Nafazo si Adro"
1st Gen Ceph
49
– ALL starts with "CEF"
– NOTHING ends with "-one" / "-ime"
– EXCEPT: Cefuroxime, Lovacarbef
2nd Gen Ceph
50
– ALL starts with "CEF"
– ALL ends in "-one"/ "-ime"
– EXCEPT: Kumain ng dinir na T-bun si Toren at Moxa
3rd Gen
51
– Pi
4th Gen
52
– Ceftaroline fosamil
– prodrug
– only ceph active against MRSA, MRSE
5th Gen
53
– only parenteral
– 1st gen ceph available
– presurgical prophylaxis
Cefazolin
54
– tx for CAP (✖️ L. monocytogenes)
Cefuroxime
55
– tx of mengitis (✖️ L. monocytogenes)
* Ceftriaxone
| * Cefotaxime
56
– tx caused by P. aeruginosa
• Cefoperane + Ceftazidime
57
Group of 2nd gen Ceph w/ anaerobic activity
• Cephamycins
- Cefotetan
- Cefmetazole
- Cefoxitin
58
Tx of meningococcemia
• Ceftriaxone + Cefoxitin
59
Tx of uncomplicated/ complicated gonorrheal urethritis/ cervicitis
Cefixime
60
Widest spectrum among B-lactams
Carbapenems
61
Examples of Carbapenems
* Imipenem
* Meropenem
* Ertapenem
62
Imipenem + Cilastatin
Inhibitor of DHP
63
– ✖️ activity to G (+) and anaerobes
– ✔️ aerobic
– G (-) and infection
Monobactams
| — Aztreonam
64
Glycopeptides
* Vancomycin
* Teicoplanin
* Televancin
* Dalbavancin
65
– MOA: (-) CW by binding to D-ala-D-ala chain
– IV
– DOC: MRSA/ MRSE
– AE: Red Man's Syndrome
Vancomycin
66
– same coverage + MOA of Vancomycin
| – IV, IM
Teicoplanin
67
– semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide derived from Vancomycin
– MOA: same as Vancomycin
– ⬇️ CM potential of the bacteria
Televancin
68
– MOA: (-) Alanine Racemase; D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase
| – 2nd lin for M. tuberculosis if resistant to the 1st
Cycloserine
69
– Poorly absorbed — topical
| – Chem: cyclopeptide, mixed polypeptide
Bacitracin
70
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
* Inhibitors of 30S Ribosomal Subunit
| * Inhibitors of 50S Ribosomal Subunit
71
Inhibitors of 30s subunit
* Tetracycline
| * Aminoglycosides
72
– Broad spectrum
– Naphthalene Ring
– MOA: (-) binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex
Tetracycline
73
Ex. of Tetracyclines
* Tetracycline
* Doxycycline
* Monocycline
* Demeclocycline
74
Uses of Tetracyclines
* Widest/ broadest spectrum
| * G (+), G(-), spirochetes, mycoplasma
75
AE of tetracyclines
* Hypoplasia of the teeth
* Phototoxicity — Demeclocycline
* Ototoxicity — Minocycline
76
– MOA:
- prevents the formation of initiation complex
- misreading of mRNA
- breaks down polysomes into nonfunctional peptides
Aminoglycosides
77
Features:
- Concentration-dependent killing
- Post antibiotic effect
- Synergistic effect
Streptomyces; Micromonospora
78
Inhibitors of 50s Subunit
* Chloramphenicol
* Lincosamides
* Macrolides
* Oxazolidinones
* Streptogramins
79
```
– SAR: Nitro group
– MOA: Inhibits peptidyl transferase
– AE: Gray Baby Syndrome
Aplastic anemia
– DOC: Typhoid fever
```
Chloramphenicol
80
Lincosamides
* Lincomycin
| * Clindamycin
81
– Sulfur containing abx
| – G (+) infx caused by Staph and Strep.
Lincomycin
82
– Alt: tx of Toxoplasmosis
| – DOC: Anaerobic infxn — above diaphragm
Clindamycin
83
– SAR: large lactone ring
– MOA: ✖️ peptide exit tunnel — dissociation if peptidyl tRNA for the ribosome — ✖️protein synthesis
– AE: Abdominal cramps
Jaundice
Macrolides
- Erythromycin
- Clarithromycin
- Azithromycin
84
– Ilo-Ilo — Ilotycin
| – Alt to px allergic to penicillins
Erythromycin
85
– methylated erythromycin
– use: infxn cause by Staph/ Strep
– AE: less abdominal cramping
– more effective for G (+) cocci
Clarithromycin
86
– PK: ⬆️ well distibuted
– OD
– AE: Arrhythmia
Azithromycin
87
– MOA: Inhibits the 23S if the SU of the 50S SU
| – use: VRSA/ VRSE
Oxazolidinones
| - Linezolid
88
Streptogramin
| — use: VRSA/ VRSE
* Streptogramin A — Dalfopristin
| * Streptogtamin B — Quinipristin
89
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
* Quinolones/ Fluoroquinolones
| * Rifampicin/ Rifabutin/ Rifamycins
90
– MOA: Inhibits Topoisomerase II and IV
– SAR: Addition of Fluorine (1st Gen)
⬆️ DNA Gyrase Inhibition
⬆️ G(-) spectrum coverage
Quinolones/ Fluoroquinolones
91
1st Gen — Nalidixic Acid
Limited G(-) sectrum of activity
92
2nd Gen — Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Norfloxacin
- expanded G (-) activity
| - some activity against atypical MO
93
3rd Gen — Levofloxacin
- retain G (-) activity
| - expanded activity against atypical MO and G (+)
94
4th Gen — Moxifloxacin
- retain G (-), atypical MO, G (+)
| - added anaerobes spectrum of activity
95
– Prophylaxis & tx for anthrax
| – tx for uncomplicated UTI
Ciprofloxacin
96
Respiratory FQ
L G G N
– tx of URTI & LRTI
* Levo
* Gem
* Gatti
* Moxi
97
Tx of both complicated/ uncomplicated UTI
Levofloxacin + Ciprofloxacin
98
– MOA: Inhibition of RNA Polymerase
– tx of PTB — 1st line
Leprosy/ Hansen's disease
– AE: Red-orange discoloration of body fluids
Rifampicin
99
Antimetabolites
* Sulfonamides
| * Pyrimethamine/ Trimethoprim
100
– SAR: same structure with PABA
– MOA: ✖️ dihydropteroate sythetase
– AE: SJS, Jaundice
– CI: G6PD
Sulfonamides
101
– MOA: ✖️ dihydrofolate reductase
| – AE: Megaloblastic Anemia
Trimethoprim/ Purimethamine
102
– Sulfanethoxazole + Trimethoprim
– Tx: UTI — Complicated
– DOC: PCP/ PJP
Co-trimoxazole
103
– Sulfaduazine + Pyrinethamine
| – DOC: Toxoplasmosis
Daraprim
104
– Sulfadozine + Pyrimethamine
– Chloroquine
| – Malaria
105
Antitubercular
* 1st line
| * 2nd line
106
First Line
| – HRZE
* Rifampicin
* Isoniazid
* Pyramzinamide
* Ethanbutol
107
Mode of tx
* PTB — HRZE/ 4HR
| * XPTB — 2HRZE/ 10HR
108
```
– MOA: ✖️mycolic acid synthesis
– AE: Peripheral neuritis
– Mx: Vit B6 — Pyridoxal phosphate
– PK: N-acetyltransferase
– Disadvantage: Rapid resistance
– Management: ➕ Ethambutol
```
Isoniazid
109
– most hepatotoxic component
– short term therapy
– AE: Hepatotoxicity
Pyrazinamide
110
– Rationale: For fast acetylators
– AE: Optic neuritis
Red green visual disturbance
Ethambutol
111
2nd Line
| — Extra PTB; CNS
* Aminoglycosides
* Cycloserine
* FQ — Levo, Moxi
* Thionamides
* P. aminosalicyclic Acid
112
Miscellaneous Agents
* Nitroimidazole
| * Urinary Antiseptics
113
```
– Anaerobic infxn — below the diaphragm
– DOC: C. difficile P.C
– Protozoan Infxn: T A G
– AE: Metronidazole — metallic taste
+ Alcohol = disulfiram like effects
```
Nitroimidazole
- Metronidazole
- Tinidazole
114
Urinary antiseptics
* Nitrofurantoin
| * Methenamine
115
– Active in ACIDIC agent/ pH
| – use: Uncomplicated UTI
Nitrofurantoin
116
– prodrug
– converted to formaldehyde (acidic pH)
– methenamine — formaldehyde
Methenamine
