Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Study of MO that cannot be seen by the naked eye
A
Microbiology
2
Q
– Father of Microbiology – simple microscope – First sample: own feces; sperm – "Animalcules" – Giardia lamblia
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
3
Q
DOC for:
• Trichomoniasis
• Amebiasis
• Giardiasis
A
Metronidazole
4
Q
– organized MO into genus & species
A
Otto Muller
5
Q
– Father of Taxonomy
A
Carolus Linnaeus
6
Q
– Father of Cytology
– “cell”
– Microphagia
A
Robert Hooke
7
Q
– Spontaneous Generation Theory aka Theory of ABIOGENESIS
– nonliving matter can give rise to living
– rotten meat — (+) growth of maggots
A
John Needham
8
Q
– small invertebrates can give rise to living organisms
A
Aristotle
9
Q
– Father of Parasitology
– Theory of BIOGENESIS
– first opponent of the Theory of Abiogenesis — experiment
A
Francesco Redi
10
Q
– sealed flasks with boiling water can prevent the growth of MON
A
Lazarro Spallanzani
11
Q
– Spontaneous Generation
– Pasteurization
– Swan Neck flask experiment
A
Louis Pasteur
12
Q
Home Pasteurization
A
63C for 30 mins
13
Q
High Temp Short Time
A
72C for 15 secs
14
Q
Ultra High Temp
A
140C for 4 secs — sterilized
15
Q
- Tyndallization — intermittent sterilization
A
John Tyndall
16
Q
– Phenol
– Standard of all disinfectant
— Phenol coefficient (S. typhi)
A
Joseph Lister
17
Q
– Germ Theory of Disease
— MO can cause disease
A
Friedrich Henle
18
Q
– Bacillus anthracis
– Koch’s Postulates
A
Robert Koch
19
Q
DOC for Anthrax
A
Ciprofloxacin
20
Q
Koch’s Postulates
A
- Causative agent - ✖️ healthy
- Pure culture media
- Disease/ healthy host
- Same Causative agent/ disease host
21
Q
– Vaccine for small pox
— last case: 1978
A
Edward Jenner
22
Q
– first cultured viruses in an artificial media
A
John Enders
23
Q
– Father of Chemotherapy
– Salvarsan
— tx: Syphilis
— DOC: Pen G
A
Paul Ehrlich
24
Q
– discovered Penicillin — Penicillin nonatum
A
Alexander Fleming
25
– isolated Penicilin
* Howard Florey
| * Ernst Boris Chain
26
– discovered Sulfonamide
Gerhard Domagk
27
– discovered Streptomycin
Selman Waksman
28
Prokaryotes
— NO true nucleus
— relatively small
— ABSENCE of nuclear membrane
* Bacteria
| * Archaea
29
✖️ mitochondria
✖️ golgi apparatus
✖️ ER
✖️ nuclear membrane
Bacteria
30
```
✔️ ribosomes
✔️ nucleus
– Cell wall: Peptidoglycan aka MUREIN
– Asexual: Binary fission
– Pathogenic: can cause disease
```
Bacteria
31
– ✖️ cell wall
– nonpathogenic
– live in extreme environments
Archaea
32
Examples of Archaea
* Methanogens
* Extreme Halophiles
* Extreme Thermophiles
* Basophiles
33
⬆️ conc. of Methane
Methanogens
34
⬆️ conc. of salt (Dead Sea)
Extreme Halophiles
35
⬆️ Temp. — > 85C (Volcanoes, Hot spring)
Extreme thermophiles
36
⬆️ pressure
Barophiles
37
Eukaryotes
| — TRUE nucleus
* Fungi
* Algae/ Plants
* Parasites/ Animals
38
– CW: chitin
– multicellular — molds EXCEPT yeasts
– saprophytes/ saprophytic
Fungi
39
– CW: Cellulose
– photosynthetic
– 1' CHO storage: starch (Human: glycogen)
Algae/ Plants
40
– multicellular — helminths, ectoparasites, insects, arachnids
– single celled — protozoans
Parasites/ Animals
41
Prokaryotic Cell
* Cellular Membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Gas vacuole
* Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies
42
```
– Fluid mosaic model
– phospholipid bilayer
– encloses the cytoplasm
bacteria: outer membrane
G (-)
```
Cellular membrane
43
– fluid matrix of prokaryotic cell
| – contains DNA/ RNA material and inclusion bodies, ribosomes
Cytoplasm
44
– for floating, bouyancy
| – Cyanobacteria
Gas vacuole
45
Cytoplasmic Inclusion bodies (1/2)
* Nucleus
* Ribosomes
* Endospores
* Plasmids
* Periplasmic space
46
Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies (2/2)
* Teichoic acid
* Cell wall
* Glucocalyx
* Cell Appendages
47
– DNA + RNA material
| – genetic material
Nucleus
48
– 70s
- 30s: TrentA
- 50s: LCM
– site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
49
– dormant/ resting stage
– resistant to heat, dessication
– sense — depletion of nutrients
Endospores
50
2 Genus
* Bacillus — aerobic
| * Clostridium — anaerobic
51
Stain (Spore former): Malachite Green
* Bacillus — non swollen spore
| * Clostridium — swollen spore
52
Color Reaction
* VR — green spore former
| * (-) result — red nonspore former
53
– extrachromosomal DNA material
| - ex: R plasmid — resistance plasmid
Plasmids
54
DOC for px with bacterial pneumonia with an unknown vaccination record
Ampicillin
55
– only in G (-) MO
| – Hydrolytic enzymes
Periplasmic space
56
```
– well TA,membrane TA/ lipo TA
– only in G (+) MO
– serve as antigen for antibody protection
– 50% by weight of G (+) cell
– (-) surface of the G (+) bacteria
```
Teichoic Acid
57
```
– G (-); G (+)
– 1' component: Peptidoglycan
- interlinking of NAM + NAG
- stabilize by the PBP
– protection against osmotic pressure
```
Cell wall
58
G (+)
Thick: 78 layers
59
Gram (-)
– Thin: 1-2 layers
| – Complex: LPS; Periplasmic Space
60
– LPS — lipopolysaccharides
- ex: Lipid A endotoxin
– Periplasmic space
Complex
61
Glycocalyx
| — Polysaccharide material found OUTSIDE the cell
* Capsule
| * Slime layer
62
– firmly attached materials
– organized structure
– excludes particles
– for bacterial virulence
Capsule
63
General Rule for Capsule
• All cocci are non-encapsulated EXCEPT Streptococci
• All bacilli are non-encapsulated EXCEPT Haemophilus
Klebsiella
Bacillus
64
– loosely attached
– unorganized
– for attachment to mucous membranes
Slime layer
65
Cell appendages
* Flagella
* Pili
* Axial filaments
66
```
– use for movement/ locomotion
– ex: Vibrio
- Lopotrichous
- Amphitrichous
- Monotrichous
- Peritrichous
```
Flagella
67
TUFT of flagella at ONE END
Lopotrichous
68
Flagella at BOTH END
Amphitrichous
69
SINGLE POLAR flagella at ONE END
Monotrichous
70
Flagella ALL OVER the cell
Peritrichous
71
– rigid structure, shorter than flagella
| – usually found in G (-)
Pili
72
2 types of Pili
* Common pili
| * sex pili
73
– used for attachment
| – ex: Neisseria
Common Pili/ Fimbriae
74
For bacterial conjugation
Sex pili
75
– use by spirochetes for spiral motion
– ex: Leptospira interrogans
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi
Axial filaments
76
Reproduction
* 1' mode — asexual - binary fission
| * other mode — budding: fungi - yeast
77
Stages of Microbial Growth
* Lag Phase
* Log Phase
* Stationary Phase
* Death Phase
78
– aka Phase of Adjustment
– synthesis of micromolecules
– suscpetible/ vulnerable to the action of antibiotics
Lag Phase
79
– aka Exponential Growth Phase
| – MO are rapidly ⬆️ at constant max rate
Log Phase
80
– aka Phase of Equilibrium
| – dividing cells = cell death
Stationary Phase
81
– aka Phase of Decline
| – cell death > dividing cells
Death Phase
82
Physical Requirements
* Temperature
* pH
* Salt-loving
83
• Cold – 0-20C
Cryophile/ Psychrophile
84
• Mod - 20-40C
Mesophiles (pathogens)
85
• Hot – 40-60C
Thermophiles (Thermus aquaticus)
86
pH
* Acidophilic – Lactobacillus
* Neutrophilic – pathogen
* Basophilic – Vibrio
87
Salt loving
Halophiles
88
Chemical Requirements
* Heterotrophs/ Organotrophs
* Autotrophs/ Lithotrops
* Respiration
* Fermentation
89
Use organic compounds as carbon source
Heterotrophs/ Organotrophs
90
Use inorganic compounds as carbon source
Autotrophs/ Lithotrops
91
– Aerobic process
– Krebs cycle
– Glucose — CO2 and H2O
Respiration
92
– anaerobic process
– Glycolysis
– Glucose — acid/ alcohol
Fermentation
93
Oxygen Requiremnent
* Obligate aerobes
* Obligate anaerobes
* Facultative anaerobes
* Microaerophiles
* Aerotolerant anaerobes
94
Need O2
Obligate aerobes
95
Poisoned by O2
Obligate anaerobes
96
– Can live with or without oxygen
| – most pathogens
Facultative anaerobes
97
– need O2 (small amounts)
– killed by ⬆️ O2
– ex: Campylobacter
Microaerophiles
98
– ✖️ require O2
– metabolize thru anaerobic means
– ✖️killed by O2
Aerotolerant anaerobes
99
Stages of Infectious Diseases
* Incubation Period
* Prodromal Period
* Acme Period
* Decline Period
* Convalescence Period
100
– Period of Pre-Pathogenesis
– entry of MO in the system
– ✖️ manifestation of s/sx
Incubation Period
101
– appearance of MILD s/sx prodromes
| • prodromes — s/sx which are not pathognomonic for the dse
Prodromal Period
102
– Period of Illness
– appearance of MAJOR s/sx
– ex: rice-watery stool: Cholera
Acme Period
103
– Period of Decline
| – s/sx subsides
Decline Period
104
– Period of Recovery
| – body is restored to its original/ healthy condition
Convalescence Period
105
Types of Culture Media
* Simple Media
* Enriched Media
* Differential Media
* Selective Media
* Anaerobic Media
106
– non fastidious MO
– ✖️ require special nutrition
– ex: Nutrient Agar, Nutrient broth
Simple Media
107
```
– fastidious MO
– contains special vitamins, minerals, nutrition
– ex: BAP — require ⬆️NA nutrition
MA — require ⬆️protein
CA — require ⬆️HgB nutrition
```
Enriched Media
108
– differentiating characteristics
– subdivides large groups of MO into categories
– there is a visible rxn
Differential Media
109
Examples of Differential Media
```
ex: MCA — lactose formers from nonlactose formers
— VR: Pink colony (LF)
Colorless: ✖️ rxn (NLF)
EMB — same with MCA
— VR: metallic green (LF)
colorless: NLF
```
110
Enterobacters
* Rapid LF
* Slow LF
* Non LF
111
Rapid LF
| E K E
* Escherichia
* Klebsiella
* Enterobacter
112
Slow LF
| — Slow SCAPE of Edward who is half V/H
* Hafnia
* Serratia
* Citrobacter
* Arizona
* Providencia
* Erwinia
* Edwardsiella
113
Non LF
— colorless; S P P S
— ella: nonmotile EXCEPT Salmonella (motile)
* Salmonella
* Proteus
* Pseudomonas
* Shigella
* Yersinia
114
– both enriched and differential
| – subdivides streptococcus based on hemolytic rxns
Blood Agar Plate
115
Hemolytic Rxns
* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
116
– Partial hemolysis: Green
| – Ex: S. pneumoniae
Alpha hemolytic
117
– Complete hemolysis: Colorless
- Lancefield Classification:
- Group A - S. pyogenes > Pharyngitis
- Group B - S. agalactiae > Neonatal sepsis
Beta hemolytic
118
No hemolysis/ NVR
Gamma hemolytic
119
– diff. Staphylococcus
• S aureus: golden yellow
• S. epidermidis: porcelain white
• S. saprophyticus: NVR
Mannitol Salt Agar
120
Allows the growth of one group of MO AND inhibits the grwoth of others
Selective Media
121
Both differential & selective
* MCA
| * EMB
122
– Colistin Nalidixic Agar
| – allows the growth of G (+)
CNA
123
– Saboraud Dextrose Agar
– selective for fungi
– pH: 5.6 — acidophiles
SDA
124
– selective only for N. gonorrhea
| – modified chocolate agar
Thayer-Martin Media
125
Selective for C. diphtheriae
Loeffter Serum Media & Tellurite Media
126
Selective for C. jejuni
Skirrow's Agar and Campy BAP
127
Selective for Bordetella pertusis (whooping cough)
Bordet-Gengou agar
128
– Candle Jar Method
– Thioglycollate Agar
– Gas Park
Anaerobic Media
129
Eukaryotic Cell
* Cell Membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Organelles
* Nucleus
130
Powerhouse of the cell — Oxidative phosphorilation
Mitochondria
131
80s: 40S, 60S
Ribosomes
132
Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Smooth ER — lipid attachment
| * Rough ER — ribosomal attachment
133
Genetic material
Nucleus
