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Mcrbly nd Pblc Hlth > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Study of MO that cannot be seen by the naked eye

A

Microbiology

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2
Q 
– Father of Microbiology 
– simple microscope
– First sample: own feces; sperm
– "Animalcules"
– Giardia lamblia
A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

DOC for:
• Trichomoniasis
• Amebiasis
• Giardiasis

A

Metronidazole

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4
Q

– organized MO into genus & species

A

Otto Muller

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5
Q

– Father of Taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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6
Q

– Father of Cytology
– “cell”
– Microphagia

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

– Spontaneous Generation Theory aka Theory of ABIOGENESIS
– nonliving matter can give rise to living
– rotten meat — (+) growth of maggots

A

John Needham

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8
Q

– small invertebrates can give rise to living organisms

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

– Father of Parasitology
– Theory of BIOGENESIS
– first opponent of the Theory of Abiogenesis — experiment

A

Francesco Redi

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10
Q

– sealed flasks with boiling water can prevent the growth of MON

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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11
Q

– Spontaneous Generation
– Pasteurization
– Swan Neck flask experiment

A

Louis Pasteur

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12
Q

Home Pasteurization

A

63C for 30 mins

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13
Q

High Temp Short Time

A

72C for 15 secs

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14
Q

Ultra High Temp

A

140C for 4 secs — sterilized

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15
Q
  • Tyndallization — intermittent sterilization
A

John Tyndall

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16
Q

– Phenol
– Standard of all disinfectant
— Phenol coefficient (S. typhi)

A

Joseph Lister

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17
Q

– Germ Theory of Disease

— MO can cause disease

A

Friedrich Henle

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18
Q

– Bacillus anthracis

– Koch’s Postulates

A

Robert Koch

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19
Q

DOC for Anthrax

A

Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  • Causative agent - ✖️ healthy
  • Pure culture media
  • Disease/ healthy host
  • Same Causative agent/ disease host
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21
Q

– Vaccine for small pox

— last case: 1978

A

Edward Jenner

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22
Q

– first cultured viruses in an artificial media

A

John Enders

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23
Q

– Father of Chemotherapy
– Salvarsan
— tx: Syphilis
— DOC: Pen G

A

Paul Ehrlich

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24
Q

– discovered Penicillin — Penicillin nonatum

A

Alexander Fleming

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25
Q

– isolated Penicilin

A
  • Howard Florey

* Ernst Boris Chain

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26
Q

– discovered Sulfonamide

A

Gerhard Domagk

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27
Q

– discovered Streptomycin

A

Selman Waksman

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28
Q

Prokaryotes
— NO true nucleus
— relatively small
— ABSENCE of nuclear membrane

A
  • Bacteria

* Archaea

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29
Q

✖️ mitochondria
✖️ golgi apparatus
✖️ ER
✖️ nuclear membrane

A

Bacteria

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30
Q 
✔️ ribosomes
✔️ nucleus
– Cell wall: Peptidoglycan aka MUREIN
– Asexual: Binary fission
– Pathogenic: can cause disease
A

Bacteria

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31
Q

– ✖️ cell wall
– nonpathogenic
– live in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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32
Q

Examples of Archaea

A
  • Methanogens
  • Extreme Halophiles
  • Extreme Thermophiles
  • Basophiles
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33
Q

⬆️ conc. of Methane

A

Methanogens

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34
Q

⬆️ conc. of salt (Dead Sea)

A

Extreme Halophiles

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35
Q

⬆️ Temp. — > 85C (Volcanoes, Hot spring)

A

Extreme thermophiles

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36
Q

⬆️ pressure

A

Barophiles

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37
Q

Eukaryotes

— TRUE nucleus

A
  • Fungi
  • Algae/ Plants
  • Parasites/ Animals
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38
Q

– CW: chitin
– multicellular — molds EXCEPT yeasts
– saprophytes/ saprophytic

A

Fungi

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39
Q

– CW: Cellulose
– photosynthetic
– 1’ CHO storage: starch (Human: glycogen)

A

Algae/ Plants

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40
Q

– multicellular — helminths, ectoparasites, insects, arachnids
– single celled — protozoans

A

Parasites/ Animals

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41
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Cellular Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Gas vacuole
  • Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies
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42
Q 
– Fluid mosaic model
– phospholipid bilayer 
– encloses the cytoplasm
 bacteria: outer membrane 
                 G (-)
A

Cellular membrane

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43
Q

– fluid matrix of prokaryotic cell

– contains DNA/ RNA material and inclusion bodies, ribosomes

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

– for floating, bouyancy

– Cyanobacteria

A

Gas vacuole

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45
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusion bodies (1/2)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endospores
  • Plasmids
  • Periplasmic space
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46
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies (2/2)

A
  • Teichoic acid
  • Cell wall
  • Glucocalyx
  • Cell Appendages
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47
Q

– DNA + RNA material

– genetic material

A

Nucleus

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48
Q

– 70s
- 30s: TrentA
- 50s: LCM
– site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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49
Q

– dormant/ resting stage
– resistant to heat, dessication
– sense — depletion of nutrients

A

Endospores

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50
Q

2 Genus

A
  • Bacillus — aerobic

* Clostridium — anaerobic

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51
Q

Stain (Spore former): Malachite Green

A
  • Bacillus — non swollen spore

* Clostridium — swollen spore

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52
Q

Color Reaction

A
  • VR — green spore former

* (-) result — red nonspore former

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53
Q

– extrachromosomal DNA material

- ex: R plasmid — resistance plasmid

A

Plasmids

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54
Q

DOC for px with bacterial pneumonia with an unknown vaccination record

A

Ampicillin

55
Q

– only in G (-) MO

– Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Periplasmic space

56
Q 
– well TA,membrane TA/ lipo TA
– only in G (+) MO
– serve as antigen for antibody protection
– 50% by weight of G (+) cell
– (-) surface of the G (+) bacteria
A

Teichoic Acid

57
Q 
– G (-); G (+)
– 1' component: Peptidoglycan
    - interlinking of NAM + NAG
    - stabilize by the PBP
– protection against osmotic pressure
A

Cell wall

58
Q

G (+)

A

Thick: 78 layers

59
Q

Gram (-)

A

– Thin: 1-2 layers

– Complex: LPS; Periplasmic Space

60
Q

– LPS — lipopolysaccharides
- ex: Lipid A endotoxin
– Periplasmic space

A

Complex

61
Q

Glycocalyx

— Polysaccharide material found OUTSIDE the cell

A
  • Capsule

* Slime layer

62
Q

– firmly attached materials
– organized structure
– excludes particles
– for bacterial virulence

A

Capsule

63
Q

General Rule for Capsule

A

• All cocci are non-encapsulated EXCEPT Streptococci
• All bacilli are non-encapsulated EXCEPT Haemophilus
Klebsiella
Bacillus

64
Q

– loosely attached
– unorganized
– for attachment to mucous membranes

A

Slime layer

65
Q

Cell appendages

A
  • Flagella
  • Pili
  • Axial filaments
66
Q 
– use for movement/ locomotion
– ex: Vibrio
 - Lopotrichous
 - Amphitrichous
 - Monotrichous
 - Peritrichous
A

Flagella

67
Q

TUFT of flagella at ONE END

A

Lopotrichous

68
Q

Flagella at BOTH END

A

Amphitrichous

69
Q

SINGLE POLAR flagella at ONE END

A

Monotrichous

70
Q

Flagella ALL OVER the cell

A

Peritrichous

71
Q

– rigid structure, shorter than flagella

– usually found in G (-)

A

Pili

72
Q

2 types of Pili

A
  • Common pili

* sex pili

73
Q

– used for attachment

– ex: Neisseria

A

Common Pili/ Fimbriae

74
Q

For bacterial conjugation

A

Sex pili

75
Q

– use by spirochetes for spiral motion
– ex: Leptospira interrogans
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Axial filaments

76
Q

Reproduction

A
  • 1’ mode — asexual - binary fission

* other mode — budding: fungi - yeast

77
Q

Stages of Microbial Growth

A
  • Lag Phase
  • Log Phase
  • Stationary Phase
  • Death Phase
78
Q

– aka Phase of Adjustment
– synthesis of micromolecules
– suscpetible/ vulnerable to the action of antibiotics

A

Lag Phase

79
Q

– aka Exponential Growth Phase

– MO are rapidly ⬆️ at constant max rate

A

Log Phase

80
Q

– aka Phase of Equilibrium

– dividing cells = cell death

A

Stationary Phase

81
Q

– aka Phase of Decline

– cell death > dividing cells

A

Death Phase

82
Q

Physical Requirements

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Salt-loving
83
Q

• Cold – 0-20C

A

Cryophile/ Psychrophile

84
Q

• Mod - 20-40C

A

Mesophiles (pathogens)

85
Q

• Hot – 40-60C

A

Thermophiles (Thermus aquaticus)

86
Q

pH

A
  • Acidophilic – Lactobacillus
  • Neutrophilic – pathogen
  • Basophilic – Vibrio
87
Q

Salt loving

A

Halophiles

88
Q

Chemical Requirements

A
  • Heterotrophs/ Organotrophs
  • Autotrophs/ Lithotrops
  • Respiration
  • Fermentation
89
Q

Use organic compounds as carbon source

A

Heterotrophs/ Organotrophs

90
Q

Use inorganic compounds as carbon source

A

Autotrophs/ Lithotrops

91
Q

– Aerobic process
– Krebs cycle
– Glucose — CO2 and H2O

A

Respiration

92
Q

– anaerobic process
– Glycolysis
– Glucose — acid/ alcohol

A

Fermentation

93
Q

Oxygen Requiremnent

A
  • Obligate aerobes
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Microaerophiles
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes
94
Q

Need O2

A

Obligate aerobes

95
Q

Poisoned by O2

A

Obligate anaerobes

96
Q

– Can live with or without oxygen

– most pathogens

A

Facultative anaerobes

97
Q

– need O2 (small amounts)
– killed by ⬆️ O2
– ex: Campylobacter

A

Microaerophiles

98
Q

– ✖️ require O2
– metabolize thru anaerobic means
– ✖️killed by O2

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

99
Q

Stages of Infectious Diseases

A
  • Incubation Period
  • Prodromal Period
  • Acme Period
  • Decline Period
  • Convalescence Period
100
Q

– Period of Pre-Pathogenesis
– entry of MO in the system
– ✖️ manifestation of s/sx

A

Incubation Period

101
Q

– appearance of MILD s/sx prodromes

• prodromes — s/sx which are not pathognomonic for the dse

A

Prodromal Period

102
Q

– Period of Illness
– appearance of MAJOR s/sx
– ex: rice-watery stool: Cholera

A

Acme Period

103
Q

– Period of Decline

– s/sx subsides

A

Decline Period

104
Q

– Period of Recovery

– body is restored to its original/ healthy condition

A

Convalescence Period

105
Q

Types of Culture Media

A
  • Simple Media
  • Enriched Media
  • Differential Media
  • Selective Media
  • Anaerobic Media
106
Q

– non fastidious MO
– ✖️ require special nutrition
– ex: Nutrient Agar, Nutrient broth

A

Simple Media

107
Q 
– fastidious MO
– contains special vitamins, minerals, nutrition
– ex: BAP — require ⬆️NA nutrition
         MA — require ⬆️protein
         CA — require ⬆️HgB nutrition
A

Enriched Media

108
Q

– differentiating characteristics
– subdivides large groups of MO into categories
– there is a visible rxn

A

Differential Media

109
Q

Examples of Differential Media

A 
ex: MCA — lactose formers from nonlactose formers
  — VR: Pink colony (LF)
              Colorless: ✖️ rxn (NLF)
      EMB —  same with MCA
 — VR: metallic green (LF)
             colorless: NLF
110
Q

Enterobacters

A
  • Rapid LF
  • Slow LF
  • Non LF
111
Q

Rapid LF

E K E

A
  • Escherichia
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
112
Q

Slow LF

— Slow SCAPE of Edward who is half V/H

A
  • Hafnia
  • Serratia
  • Citrobacter
  • Arizona
  • Providencia
  • Erwinia
  • Edwardsiella
113
Q

Non LF
— colorless; S P P S
— ella: nonmotile EXCEPT Salmonella (motile)

A
  • Salmonella
  • Proteus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Shigella
  • Yersinia
114
Q

– both enriched and differential

– subdivides streptococcus based on hemolytic rxns

A

Blood Agar Plate

115
Q

Hemolytic Rxns

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
116
Q

– Partial hemolysis: Green

– Ex: S. pneumoniae

A

Alpha hemolytic

117
Q

– Complete hemolysis: Colorless

  • Lancefield Classification:
    • Group A - S. pyogenes > Pharyngitis
    • Group B - S. agalactiae > Neonatal sepsis
A

Beta hemolytic

118
Q

No hemolysis/ NVR

A

Gamma hemolytic

119
Q

– diff. Staphylococcus
• S aureus: golden yellow
• S. epidermidis: porcelain white
• S. saprophyticus: NVR

A

Mannitol Salt Agar

120
Q

Allows the growth of one group of MO AND inhibits the grwoth of others

A

Selective Media

121
Q

Both differential & selective

A
  • MCA

* EMB

122
Q

– Colistin Nalidixic Agar

– allows the growth of G (+)

A

CNA

123
Q

– Saboraud Dextrose Agar
– selective for fungi
– pH: 5.6 — acidophiles

A

SDA

124
Q

– selective only for N. gonorrhea

– modified chocolate agar

A

Thayer-Martin Media

125
Q

Selective for C. diphtheriae

A

Loeffter Serum Media & Tellurite Media

126
Q

Selective for C. jejuni

A

Skirrow’s Agar and Campy BAP

127
Q

Selective for Bordetella pertusis (whooping cough)

A

Bordet-Gengou agar

128
Q

– Candle Jar Method
– Thioglycollate Agar
– Gas Park

A

Anaerobic Media

129
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles
  • Nucleus
130
Q

Powerhouse of the cell — Oxidative phosphorilation

A

Mitochondria

131
Q

80s: 40S, 60S

A

Ribosomes

132
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Smooth ER — lipid attachment

* Rough ER — ribosomal attachment

133
Q

Genetic material

A

Nucleus

Mcrbly nd Pblc Hlth (10 decks)

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