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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Viruses- cause most diseases that plague the world
  2. Viroids
  3. Prions
A

Acellular pathogens

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2
Q

Not made of cells
Have DNA or RNA genome
Can’t carry out metabolic pathways
Neither grow or respond to environment
Cannot reproduce independently
Are active only inside a host & inactive outside

A

Characteristics of viruses

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3
Q

This is limited with each virus
They have limited # of organisms it can
infect
Depends on host cell receptor molecules

A

Host range

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4
Q

Specific Tissues they can infect
Depends on host cell surface receptors

A

Tissue tropism

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5
Q

Use host cell functions to reproduce
Mutate quickly

A

Viral treatment

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6
Q
  1. Genome
  2. Capsid (protein coat)
  3. Enveloped vs non-enveloped
A

Virus structure

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7
Q

Genetic make up
Chromosomes are made of either DNA or RNA (either but never both)
double or single stranded
Circular or linear
+, - sense or both

A

Genome

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8
Q

Has code/template - code for gene/protein
Ready to go to the ribosome

A

Positive sense strand

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9
Q

Opposite copy for a code for a gene
Copied back to mRNA

A

Negative sense strand

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10
Q

Protective layer around nucleic acid
Shapes: icosahedral, filamentous, complex, amorphous

A

Capsid (protein coat)

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11
Q

Some animal viruses have a membrane outside of the capsid
Derived from prior host
Viruses w/ out membrane = naked virus

A

Envelope vs non-enveloped

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12
Q

Protect genetic material & gain entry to host cell
Made up of capsomeres which are proteins (repeating)

A

Capsid

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13
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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14
Q

Shape of viruses with an envelope

A

Filamentous
Icosahedral

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15
Q

DNA or RNA
single or double stranded
+ or - sense
Linear or circular
Special enzymes

A

Classification of viruses

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16
Q

Generates new strains of a virus that can cause serious disease
Change in protein spikes
“Slight”

A

Antigenic drift

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17
Q
  1. Host recognition
  2. Genome entry
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Exit and transmission
A

Virus reproduction

18
Q

Replication cycles in a bacteriophage

A

Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle

19
Q

Immediate/short
Rupture of host cell
Transcribes it’s DNA & produces enzymes & capsid

A

Lytic life cycle

20
Q

Long
Phage genome integrates into host DNA= prophage
Replicated along with host cells

A

Lysogenic life cycle

21
Q

May occur as a result of viral infection

A

Transduction

22
Q

What is evidence of bacteriophage activity?

A

Plaque

23
Q

Animal virus replication

A

8-36 hours
Larger variety of genomes

24
Q

No tails or tail fibers
No cell wall
Have protein/sugar spikes

A

Animal virus: attachment

25
Q

Take off capsid and release viral genome into host cell

A

Animal virus: entry/uncoating

26
Q

Capsid stays on outside & viral genome is squirted inside
No uncoating

A

Direct penetration

27
Q

Fuses with host cell cytoplasmic membrane & capsid broke down & releases viral genome in cytoplasm
Uncoating

A

Membrane fusion

28
Q

Glycoprotein spikes fuse/ bind w/ receptors on outside > swallowed by cell membrane via endoyctosis
Will eventually lead to uncoating

A

Endocytosis

29
Q

Will occur differently in RNA and DNA viruses

A

Animal virus: synthesis & assembly

30
Q

Release/ exit will depend on if the virus has an envelope or not
Virus release is usually lethal to host cell

A

Animal virus: exit

31
Q

Results in enveloped. Only occurs in animals
Cells without walls

A

Budding

32
Q

Results in naked viruses
Lack of plasma membrane envelope

A

Lysis

33
Q

Carries a virus asymptomatically

A

Latent virus

34
Q

Viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA
Temperate virus

A

Provirus

35
Q

Genome: ds DNA,
Naked, small, icosahedral
Tissue tropism: narrow, epithelial & mucous membrane

1st virus that taught us cancer can be cause by an infectious agent

A

HPV

36
Q
  1. Attach to receptors on epithelial cells, actively dividing
  2. Endocytosis, uncoated is cytoplasm & nucleus and released in host nucleus
  3. Host cell makes copies of viral chromosome & makes protein for capsid
  4. Protein that makes capsid return to nucleus to assemble around viral chromosome
  5. Visions released when epithelial cells shed
A

HPV life cycle

37
Q

Genome: 8 segments of -ssRNA w/a prepackaged RNA to RNA polymerase
Enveloped
Amorphous

A

Characteristics of Influenza virus

38
Q

Occurs when a coinfection of two different strains of the same virus to diced a hybrid strain

A

Antigenic shift

39
Q
  1. Hemaglutininon attaches to receptors on respiratory cell
  2. Endocytosis &fuse w/lysosome, uncoating- RNA & it’s polymerase enter nucleus
  3. Viral genes transcribed & translates, viral genome is copied w/help from viral polymerase
  4. Packaging proteins return to nucleus, assemble around genome
  5. Visions bud off cell w/help from neurominidase, host cell envelope around virus
A

Influenza life cycle

40
Q

Retrovirus: +ssRNA
Genome is back copied to DNA using reverse transcriptase
Enveloped, conical shaped capsid
Leaves cell by budding

A

HIV characteristics

41
Q
  1. Attach to T lymphocytes on CD4 & CCR5 receptors
  2. Enter by membrane fusion, uncoating in the cytoplasm, genome is reverse transcribed.
  3. Back copies DNA enters host nucleus & integrates into host chromosome, replicated DNA (provirus) viral mRNA is transcribed and translated
  4. Viral spikes in cell membrane, proteins assemble around genome near cell membrane
  5. Budding or syncytium
A

HIV life cycle

Microbiology (11 decks)

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