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Microbiology > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any chemical that has an affect on a body process.

Ex: alcohol, caffeine, tobacco

A

Drugs

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2
Q

Any drug used to treat a disease

Ex: vaccines, cancer tx, antibiotics, insulin

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs

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3
Q

Any drug that is used to treat bacterial infections exclusively

Antiviral- virus
Antifungal- fungus

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

Range of effectiveness/spectrum of action
Origin- natural, semi synthetic and synthetic
Mechanism of action

A

How chemotherapy is described

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5
Q

The # of different kinds of pathogens a drug acts on

A

Spectrum of action

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6
Q

One specific target/microbe
“Like a shot gun”

Disadvantage- can’t use for prophylaxis

A

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

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7
Q

Wide variety of bacteria

Disadvantage- may allow for secondary or super infections to develop

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic

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8
Q

Molds: penicillin and cephalosporin
Bacteria: bacillus and streptomyces

A

Natural origin

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9
Q

Natural drugs that have been slightly altered

A

Synthetic origin

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10
Q

Completely man made

A

Synthetic origin

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11
Q

The broader its actions = kill more types of bacteria
More stable in the stomach
Better absorbed in the intestines
Altered to combat antibiotic resistance in resistant bacteria.

A

Advantages to synthetic drugs

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12
Q
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes
  3. Inhibit protein synthesis
  4. Inhibit metabolic pathways
  5. Drugs attack nucleic acids
A

Mechanisms of action

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13
Q

Attach to new NAG/NAM units and blocks addition to a growing cell wall.
Used against penicillin resistant microbes.

A

Glycopeptides

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14
Q

Beta lactam
Natural: by molds
Broad spectrum
Inhibits enzymes that build peptidoglycan, usually bacteria dial.
Issues- GI & allergy

A

Penicillin

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15
Q

Beta lactam
Natural to almost fully synthetic
Narrow but broader in successive generations
Inhibits enzyme that build peptidoglycan, slightly different shape & bacteriocidal
Issues: GI & allergy

A

Cephalosporin

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16
Q

Glycopeptide
Natural
Narrow: gram + most effective
Binds to NAG & NAM, so they can’t be added to the cell wall. Bacteriocidal
Issues: kidney & hearing damage and GI upset

A

Vancomycin

17
Q

Aminoglycosides
Natural
Broad: often used with gram -
Block ribosomes, bacteriocidal
Issues: hearing loss, vertigo and kidney damage

A

Streptomycin

18
Q

Macrolides
Natural
Narrow
Block ribosomes, bacteriostatic
Issues: GI upset and jaundice

A

Erythromycin

19
Q

Tetracycline
Broad
Block ribosomes, bacteriostatic
Issues: wide spread resistance, stains teeth & affects bone growth

A

Doxycycline

20
Q

Polypeptides
Natural (soil)
Narrow: gram -
Membranes, bacteriocidal at high concentrations
Issues: kidney and liver damage and hearing loss

A

Polymixin B

21
Q

Synthetic
Narrow: gram -
Blocks enzymes that make folic acid, bacteriostatic
Issues: nausea, allergy and photosensitivity

A

Sulfonamides & trimethroprim

22
Q

Quinolones
Synthetic broad
Blocks grease needed for DNA replication, bacteriocidal
Issues: inhibits bone growth & seizures

A

Ciprofloxin

23
Q

RNA synthesis inhibitors
Broad: used against mycobacteria
RNA polymerase - transcription, bacteriocidal
Issues: orange fluids secreted from body

A

Rifampin

24
Q
  1. Intrinsic- Efflux pumps to expel toxins
  2. Acquired via horizontal gene transfer- exchange of plasmids through conjugation pili
  3. Acquired via mutation in DNA- may change shape of bacterial enzymes active site, repurpose enzyme
A

Antibiotic resistance

25
Q
  1. Prevention of drug entry: deceased cell permeability
  2. Removal of drug: active efflux pumps
  3. Enzymatic inactivation: beta lactamase
  4. Altered target- modified drug receptor
  5. Synthesis of resistant metabolic pathway
A

Mechanisms of resistance

26
Q

Antibiotic diffusion test
Susceptible, intermediate & resistant

A

Kirby Bauer test

Microbiology (11 decks)

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