Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • Its a protein coded with dna
  • Anti viral ( cant be treated by antibiotics)
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2
Q

What are the viral characteristics?

A
  • Cant move
  • Cant respond to stimuli
  • Cant develop (grow)
  • Contain complex components
  • Can die ( by being destroyed )
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3
Q

Why are viruses NOT alive?

A
  • Not made of cells
  • No metabolism
  • Cant reproduce within a host to kill it
  • No homeostaisis
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4
Q

Why arent viruses alive?

A

They dont have all the fundamental characteristics of life. they must rely on other living things

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5
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Small, infectious, non living, non cellular particles
  • Contain no cytoplasm
  • Cannot grow or reproduce on their own (need a host)
  • Do not produce or use energy
  • Do not create waste
  • Does have genetic material which controls other cells to create virus copies
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6
Q

Whats a virion?

A

A virus particle

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7
Q

Whats the basic structure of a viron?

A

Genetic material and the capsid ( or head)

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8
Q

What does the genetic material contain?

A

RNA (Single stranded) or DNA ( a double stranded core)

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9
Q

What is the capsid?

A

A protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material

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10
Q

What do RNA viruses look like?

A
  • Usually single stranded RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
  • Very high mutation rates due to not being proof read the same as DNA in replication
  • Vaccines are not as effective due to mutations
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11
Q

What are examples of RNA viruses?

A

HIV, influenza viruses, rabies, measles, mumps, pneumonia, common cold, coronavirus

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12
Q

What do DNA viruses look like?

A
  • Has double stranded DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • Lower mutation rates because of proofreading
  • More constant/stable so vaccines are effective
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13
Q

What are examples of DNA viruses?

A

Chickenpox, cold sores, genital herpes, hepatitis, (respiratory infections, tumors)

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14
Q

What are the common virus shapes?

A
  1. Helical
  2. Polyhedral
  3. Complex
  4. Bacteriophage
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15
Q

What does the helical virus shape look like?

A

Theyre rod like with capsid protiens winding around the core in a spiral

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16
Q

Whats an example of a helical virus?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

17
Q

What does a plyhedral virus look like?

A
  • Has many sides
  • Most polyhedral capsids have 20 sides and 12 corners
18
Q

Whats an example of a polyhedral virus?

A

Adenovirus ( causes respiratory infections, diarrhea, pink eye)

19
Q

What does a complex virus look like?

A

Its a polyhedral capsid attached to a helical tail
- The tail is made of protein which helps binding yo host cells

20
Q

What does bacteriophage look like?

A

Typically takes the shape of complex viruses

21
Q

What does bacteriophage do?

A
  • Infects by injecting DNA into a bacterium
  • Once DNA joins the bacterial DNA the lysogenic cycle begins
22
Q

Where does corona viruses get its shape from?

A

It gets the name from their shape which are round viruses surrounded by a sphere of spiky proteins

23
Q

What are the 2 most deadly types of corona viruses?

A

SARS and MERS

24
Q

What is the lytic cycle (AKA infectious cycle) ?

A

When a virus enters a cell, replicates itself hundreds of times, then bursts out of the cell destroying it

25
Q

What are the stages of the lytic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection/Entry
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
26
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

The virus enters the cell, viral DNA integrates with host DNA and becomes inactive, the host functions normally

27
Q

What causes a virus to enter the lytic cycle?

A

An environmental change may cause the virus to enter this cycle

28
Q

What are the stages of the lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. injection/Entry
  3. Integration into host cells DNA
  4. Dormancy/Normal cell functions
  5. Triggering of viral DNA to be released and then lytic cycle begins
29
Q

What are 3 ways a virus can enter a living cell?

A
  • Enters bacterial cells by punching a hole in the cell wall and injecting its DNA
  • Enters plant cells through tiny rips in the cell wall
  • Enters animal cells by endocytosis
30
Q

viruses are host cell specific. What does that mean?

A

The virus can usually infect one type of host or even an organ,tissue, or cell type ( called its HOST RANGE)

31
Q

Name 2 viruses that infect multiple species

A
  • Rabies: infects all birds and mammals
  • Swine flu: Infects swine or humans
32
Q

How are viruses spread?

A

By vectors which carry the virus from one host to another

33
Q

What are some examples of vectors?

A
  • Insects ( yellow fever- mosquitos)
  • Animals (rabies)
  • Water (polio)
  • Air ( influenza, common cold, chicken pox)
  • Humans ( influenza, hepatitis, HIV)
34
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A large scale outbreak of disease; usuallt confined to a limited geographic region

35
Q

Whats an example of a epidemic?

A

2003 SARS, 800 people died worldwide

36
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that occurs over a wide spread geographic area. often globally

37
Q

Whats an example of a pandemic?

A

Spanish influenza, killed 40-50 million people in 1918. Covid 19